Reference no: EM133883515

Question

On 5 January 2013, Patient A, who was 81 years old, presented to a GP clinic complaining of two nights of breathlessness when lying flat and shortness of breath. On examination, Patient A was found to have fine creps at the base of both lungs and slightly elevated jugular venous pressure. Her renal function was normal. She was commenced on oral Lasix and was recommended to have a clinical review two days later. On 6 January 2013, Patient A attended a local hospital again with shortness of breath. Patient A was admitted to hospital as the oral Lasix had not improved her symptoms. Over the course of the following days, Patient A's condition did not improve. On 7 January 2013, the Visiting Medical Officer (VMO) reviewed Patient A and planned a chest x-ray and blood tests. On 8 January 2013, the VMO reviewed Patient A again and noted diarrhoea and right sided tenderness of Patient A's abdomen. He organised a ventilation/ perfusion (V/Q) lung scan. On 9 January 2013, Patient A reported dizziness. This coincided with an atrial fibrillation (AF) rate of 120/ min. The VMO was called to review Patient A. He noted that the V/Q scan was "interdeterminate". Patient A was refusing food and liquid at this time, and was complaining of feeling very weak and having abdominal pain. At 0830 hours on 10 January 2013, the VMO again assessed Patient A. He concluded that Patient A was depressed and anxious. He encouraged nursing staff to mobilise Patient A. The nursing notes that follow Dr Haron's attendance refer to discharge planning at 1021 hours, and then, at 1315 hours, comment that Patient A felt unwell, had refused breakfast and lunch, had no energy and required encouragement to mobilise. Patient A's respiratory rate was recorded as 28-30/ minute, but other vital signs were within normal limits. At 1820 hours, the progress notes state that Patient A refused to tolerate her dinner. At 1910 hours, Patient A was observed to have a respiratory rate of 40/min and she was tachycardic at 122/min. At 1930 hours, Patient A was documented as feeling "woozy", her skin was cold and clammy and she was complaining of severe back pain. Her BSL was 16.1mmmol/I. An ECG was conducted, which showed a heart rate of 168/min. The VMO was again called. He stated that Patient A should be administered Digoxin and Valium. At 2110 hours, showing Patient A's respiratory rate was still at 40/min. At 0530 hours on 11 January 2013, nursing notes state that Patient A was unable to void, was pale and grey, and had clammy skin and nausea. At 0830 hours on 11 January 2013, the VMO assessed Patient A and wrote "?Significant medical illness". An abdominal x ray and pathology were ordered. The VMO returned at 1330 hours and noted that Patient A "won't/ can't mobilise [because of] pain in back and abdo" and that her white cell count had risen to 17.5, despite an absence of fever. A urinary tract infection was subsequently diagnosed and intravenous antibiotics were commenced at approximately 1430 hours. Registered Nurse (RN) John commenced her afternoon shift as the nurse in charge at 1430 hours on 11 January 2013. She read Patient A's progress notes at approximately 1445 hours. In her evidence before the Committee, the respondent stated that she was immediately concerned about Patient A's condition, and explained that she considered that the Hospital was not equipped to properly care for Patient A. The respondent said that she had been informed at the handover that Patient A's treating doctor had "gone away" and "was unable to be contacted'. The respondent said that as Patient A's doctor was not available, she intended that to have Patient A seen by the locum (who usually arrived at around 2100 hours on Friday evenings).

At approximately 1720 hours, Patient A reported to nursing staff that she was feeling dizzy and had abdominal pain (8/10). She was observed to have a respiratory rate of 40 -.44/min, very low blood pressure of 89/53 and a heart rate of 88. Shortly before 1810 hours, the respondent was advised of Patient A's condition by an enrolled nurse. The respondent said that she would have Patient A reviewed once the locum arrived. At around 1810 hours, the respondent was informed that Patient A had continual diarrhoea. The respondent again said that she would have Patient A reviewed when the locum arrived. After this conversation, the respondent personally reviewed Patient A. The respondent did not document her observations. However, in her evidence before this Committee, the respondent acknowledged that Patient A's vital signs had not improved at this time. At approximately 1910 hours, the respondent arranged for a further ECG to be undertaken for Patient A. At approximately 2020 hours, the respondent telephoned the Clinical Nurse Manager, Ms Catherine Jones, to arrange for medication to be obtained from the drug safe (for a patient other than Patient A). At approximately 2030 hours, Ms Jones attended the Hospital and signed for the medication. The respondent did not raise any issues concerning Patient A with Ms Jones at this time. At approximately 2100 hours, the respondent and another registered nurse completed an ISBAR (Introduction Situation Background Assessment Recommendation) form. In that form, the respondent described Patient A as "deteriorating", and recommended that Patient A's condition be reviewed "ASAP''. She also stated that Patient A's family had been contacted. The locum, Dr Vallentine, arrived at 2200 hours. By this time, Patient A was critically unwell. The emergency on-call doctor, Dr Correy, arrived at approximately 2300 hours and inserted a large bore IV cannula to treat Patient A's severe dehydration. Over the course of the night, attempts were made to transport Patient A to a rural referral hospital. The ability to transfer Patient A was significantly complicated by Patient A's critical condition. Tragically, Patient A died whilst she was being assessed by the air evacuation team the following morning. The primary cause of death was stated to be septicaemia.

1. Identify and summarise the professional practice issues in the case study from a nursing practice perspective.

2. Identify and evaluate professional errors identified that contributed to this incident happening. Identify and apply the professional frameworks and regulatory legislation, apply the 10 standards of NSQHS, 7 standards of NMBA professional standards, and NSW Health policy for this incident. Discuss how your future practice might change this nursing incident and develop as a result of this learning.