Reference no: EM133626616

Questions

1. In which of the following conditions does inflammation play the largest role in tissue damage?

Seasonal allergies

Osteoarthritis

Hepatitis B infection

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

2. In response to severe ischemia in a tissue, which of the following events occurs earliest?

Apoptosis

Acute inflammation

Activation of tissue regeneration

Loss of function due to ATP depletion

3. Which one of these compounds is correctly matched to its mechanism of toxic action?

Mercury chloride (HgCl2): Generation of free radicals

Oxygen at toxic levels: Induces the precipitation of key cellular enzymes.

Acetaminophen (Tylenol; paracetamol) in toxic doses: Metabolized into a toxic compound

Cyanide: Modification of sulfhydryl groups on the plasma membrane

4. An older adult patient is brought by their spouse to the Family Practice Clinic with an inability to speak normally. The patient is then transferred to the hospital due to a suspected stroke. The nurse practitioner, while explaining to an NP student, discusses that the presentation is most likely indicative of an ischemic stroke. Why does the NP emphasize that ischemia, as opposed to hypoxia, is often more severe in terms of its impact on brain function and patient outcomes?

Ischemia does not result in the accumulation of toxic metabolites, unlike hypoxia.

Ischemic brain injury is typically reversible with prompt medical intervention, while hypoxic brain injury often results in irreversible damage.

Hypoxic brain injury often leads to more inflammation than ischemic brain injury, contributing to worse outcomes.

Ischemic brain injury involves both reduced oxygen and nutrient supply, causing more severe tissue damage.

5. Concerning historical viewpoints on inheritance, predating Mendel's experiments:

It was believed that only the maternal genes determined traits.

Dominant and recessive traits were already well understood.

Traits were always believed to be blended from both parents.

DNA was considered the primary source of genetic information.

6. What is the primary mechanism by which high oxygen concentrations can lead to cellular injury?

Direct oxygen binding to cellular enzymes

Generation of free radicals

Disruption of the cell membrane's lipid bilayer

Decreased carbon dioxide elimination

7. Which of the following pairs correctly matches a cellular function with the anatomical part responsible for it?

Energy: Lysosomes, proteasomes, peroxisomes

Interface with the outside world: Cytoskeleton

Motility and structure: Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus

Communication: Plasma membrane

8. Which of the following cellular components is responsible for maintaining the segregation between the luminal (apical) and basal regions of polarized epithelial cells, allowing for selective control of ion and molecule transport?

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

Tight junctions

Endoplasmic reticulum

9. Decreased tissue perfusion, reduced oxygenation, and diminished oxygen-carrying capacity are 3 of the 4 causes of cellular hypoxia. Which of the following substances is a well-known contributor to the fourth cause of cellular hypoxia?

Sulfur dioxide

Methane

Hydrogen peroxide

Cyanide

10. Following mitochondrial injury, which of the following proteins is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, initiating the apoptotic cascade?

Cytochrome c

DNA polymerase

ATP synthase

Ribosomal RNA