Inflammation and hypoxia and oxidative stress

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Summerize and add the progression phase of the disease is characterize by a persistent state of inflammation and hypoxia and oxidative stress that contribute to the development of renal fibrosis: In contrast to AKI, CKD is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over months to years. It is often irreversible and can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CKD commonly results from long-term damage due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Progressive nephron loss leads to compensatory hypertrophy of remaining nephrons and increased glomerular pressure, further damaging nephrons over time. According to Rogers (2023), In the early stages of CKD, patients may be asymptomatic despite significant nephron loss. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as fatigue, edema, hypertension, and nocturia develop. Advanced stages manifest as azotemia, characterized by elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and uremia, a clinical syndrome resulting from kidney failure. Additional complications include anemia, mineral and bone disorder, and cardiovascular issues.

Reference no: EM133875447

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