Reference no: EM133862213
Assignment:
If the valves inside your veins become damaged, the valves may not close completely. This allows blood to flow in both directions. When your muscles relax, the valves inside the damaged vein(s) will not be able to hold the blood. This can cause pooling of blood or swelling in the veins. The veins bulge and appear as ropes under the skin. The blood begins to move more slowly through the veins, it may stick to the sides of the vessel walls and blood clots can form.
1. What is the advantage of intermittent self-catheterization over an indwelling catheter? How is bladder training done while on an indwelling catheter?
2. Kindly tell me about the role of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in early diagnosis of arteriosclerosis. How is it useful in cardiac, diabetic and renal medicine?
3. You say that no convincing evidence was found that chronic hyperuricaemia causes nephropathy and nor can it be corrected by allopurinol. However, some patients we see have high serum uric acid and creatinine, which both come down with allopurinol. Please comment.
4. Can aspirin cause analgesic nephropathy? If yes, then how could we justify its use in primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD), even in high-risk patients? I have read that regular use of analgesics for 3 years could cause analgesic nephropathy.
5. What is the probability that a patient on a moderate daily dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ibuprofen 800 mg once daily for tension headache) will develop analgesic nephropathy?
6. Do daily doses of paracetamol with the dosage range of 1 g/day cause analgesic nephropathy. If so, after what length of time?
7. Allopurinol is used for the treatment of uric acid stones; it is also one of the aetiologies of renal calculi. Could you please explain its actual effect.
8. Why should we avoid angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as hypertensive therapy in the presence of renal artery stenoses? How can they lead to acute renal failure? What else can we prescribe for this patient to regulate the hypertension?
9. Is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors contraindicated in cases of unilateral renal artery stenosis?
10. 1. How effective is renal duplex in detecting renal artery stenosis?
2. Is magnetic resonance angiography superior to renal duplex in detecting renal artery stenosis?