Explain oligoclonal and monoclonal

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Reference no: EM133867508

Assignment:

During the past two decades, redefinition of many of the beliefs and assumptions which underly nursing appears to have contributed to an increasing divergence between nursing theory and nursing practice. Nurses who are theorists and educationalists, and nurses who are engaged in nursing practice tend to use different vocabularies, to have differing perceptions of patients and of nursing, and to value different kinds of nursing knowledge. Some of the divergences between nursing theory and nursing practice are considered, and suggestions made about how theory and practice might be reconciled.

Question 1. Please could you explain how lymphocytes (especially B) can maintain receptors on their surfaces? Is this genetically related? If so, when the lymphocytes are first exposed to the antigens, how could the antigen receptor be synthesized?

Is there a mutation within the nuclei of these lymphocytes when they learn to make the receptors? If there is, can you explain how this occurs?

Question 2. I understand how nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) works in the inflammatory response but what is the mechanism by which it causes cancer?

Question 3. What are the diseases associated with hypocomplementaemia and which complement deficiency in particular?

Question 4. What is meant by 'B lymphocytes are sensitive to clonal deletion'?

Question 5. What are the immunological implications of 'bare lymphocyte syndrome'/MHC deficiency?

Question 6. Please explain oligoclonal and monoclonal.

Question 7. I was wondering if there is any study regarding cell culture techniques of CD4 helper cells (stem cell culturing) and, if so, is it of any benefit to HIV-infected patients?

Question 8. How do you define autoimmune disease?

Question 9. 1. Why is dexamethasone not routinely used instead of prednisolone, which is almost universally used routinely in autoimmune diseases, or other indications for steroids? Is it because dexamethasone lacks the mineralocorticoid activity seen with prednisolone and therefore does not cause salt/water retention and hypertension?

2. Can high doses of dexamethasone be used in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS) in place of pulse methylprednisolone? If so, what is the recommended dosage?

Question 10. What is meant by 'pus cell' and is this term synonymous with neutrophils?

Reference no: EM133867508

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