Effect-modification refers to the:

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Reference no: EM133947561

Questions

1. Which of the following is an approach to handling confounding?

a. Individual matching
b. Stratification
c. Group matching
d. Adjustment
e. All of the above

2. In each of the following situations, F is the risk factor, D is the study disease, and C is a third variable. In which cases could C possibly be a confounder?

a. F = regular use of mouthwashes; D = oral cancer; C = smoking
b. F = smoking; D = lung cancer; C = yellow staining on teeth
c. F = dental disease; D = cardiovascular disease; C = Smoking
d. F = smoking; D = hypertension; C = yellow staining on teeth

3. A study is conducted regarding the relationship between contact lens use and risk of eye ulcers. The crude RR is 3.0 and the age-adjusted RR is 1.5. Is the variable in questions a confounder?

a. Yes, age acted as a confounder: (3.0 -1.5) / 3.0 = 0.5; 0.5 is 50% and is greater than 10%
b. Yes, age acted as a confounder: (3.0 - 1.5) / (3.0 - 1.5) = 1.0; 1.0 is 100% and is greater than 10%
c. No, age is not a confounder: 3.0 -1.5 = 1.5; 1.5 is 50% of 3.0 which is greater than 10%
d. No, age is not a confounder: (3.0 - 1.5) / 1.5 = 1.0; 1.0 is 100% and is greater than 10%

4. A study of the relationship is conducted between exercise and heart attacks conducted in men who do not smoke. Is gender a confounder?

a. No, gender is not a confounder because the inclusion criteria was all male.
b. Cannot determine because no values were given
c. Yes, gender was a confounder because the study excluded females
d. No gender is not a confounder because it does not affect the relationship between exrecise and heart attack.

5. Interaction:

a. deals with examining how multiple factors interact in causing disease
b. is effect modification
c. is not confounding
d. all of the above

6. Effect-modification refers to the:

a. design in which persons are randomly allocated to receive a therapy and a placebo
b. situation when interviewers gather information differently from cases and controls
c. situation when the magnitude of the association between the exposure and the disease varies by a third factor
d. Situation when the association between the exposure and the disease is spuriously elevated or reduced by a third factor
e. Selection of study groups that arise from different populations.

Reference no: EM133947561

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