Reference no: EM133862532

Assignment:

Using medical models built with Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies represents a new approach for surgical planning and simulation. These techniques allow one to reproduce anatomical objects as 3D physical models, which give the surgeon a realistic impression of complex structures before a surgical intervention. The shift from the visual to the visual-tactile representation of anatomical objects introduces a new kind of interaction called 'touch to comprehend'. As can be seen, from the presented case studies of maxillo-cranio-facial surgery, the RP models are very well suited for use in the diagnosis and the precise preoperative simulation of skeleton modifying interventions.

Additional question

A breast biopsy is not a trivial procedure. The most common type (around 80%) is the excisional biopsy, in which the suspicious mass is removed surgically for microscopic examination and histological diagnosis by a pathologist. Usually the patient is admitted to a hospital and given a full set of preoperative diagnostic tests. The biopsy is almost always done under general anesthesia (with a probability of approximately 2 out of 10,000 of an anesthetic death).

Question 1. As a third-year medical student in Russia I am researching 'the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in lung pathology'. Can you explain how proteolytic enzymes function in the normal lung?

Question 2. Bronchiectasis is given as one of the causes of bronchial breath sounds.

This is difficult to comprehend. Could you explain the mechanism of bronchial breath sounds more clearly?

Question 3. I have been taught to examine vocal resonance by asking the patient to say 'ninety-nine' while auscultating. I listen for a louder 'ninety-nine' over an area of consolidation and more quiet sounds with effusion. Is this right?

Question 4. What role does bupropion play in giving up smoking?

Question 5. The clinical signs and symptoms of rhinitis are very similar to those of the common cold (influenza). How do I differentiate between the two?

Question 6. What is the advantage of the drugs des-loratidine and levo-cetirizine over their parent compounds? Are they safe in pregnancy and lactation?

Question 7. What are the differences between acute bronchitis and pneumonia? Are both diseases caused by infection?

Question 8. 1. If a patient with chronic bronchitis develops obstructive jaundice and Escherichia coli biliary sepsis, should the routine administration of oral steroids (e.g. prednisolone) be suspended until liver function improves?

2. Are there any adverse reactions that preclude the concurrent use of steroids while the patient is treated with IV ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, metronidazole and cefuroxime?

Question 9. Robbins Basic Pathology mentions that in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the forced ventilation capacity (FVC) is either normal or slightly increased! I just can't justify that. I mean it should decrease. And this is exactly what is mentioned in your book. I couldn't contact the authors of that book so I decided to ask you whether there is actually a situation in which the FVC in COPD patients might increase?

Question 10. Is there any obstructive pulmonary condition in which there might be an increase in FVC? If so by what mechanism?