Reference no: EM133843374

Question

Results and Discussion

We postulate that Kleiber's law represents a central tendency capturing joint fluctuations in the measurement protocol of metabolic rates (26) (field, basal, maximum, etc.) and body sizes (27). To illustrate the key mathematical idea, we present an analytic derivation of Kleiber's law for the idealized situation of a spherical organism of radius h and volume . Consider an organism in steady state uniformly nourished from a single source located at its center. Denoting the metabolic rate as B, the source produces B metabolites per unit time. The amount of nutrients consumed per unit volume in unit time is therefore given by . Let and denote the density of metabolites and their velocity at position r (measured from the center) within the organism (metabolites are carried in a fluid). The current of metabolites is then given by:

with at the boundary, i.e., at , because the nutrients are all used within the organism. The uniform nourishment of the organism leads to the conservation law:

We now turn The subtraction of the classificatory function of the properties in these conceptions has generally seemed to warrant withholding from them the label "essentialist". However, because some authors have still seen the term as applicable (Dupré 2001: 162), we might think of such accounts as constituting a third, weak or deflationary variant of essentialism.

Such purely explanatory accounts are descendants of the second use of "human nature" in the traditional package, the difference being that they don't usually presuppose some notion of the fully developed human form. However, where some such presupposition is made, there are stronger grounds for talking of an "essentialist" account. Elliott Sober has argued that the key to essentialism is not classification in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, but the postulation of some "privileged state", to the realisation of which specimens of a species tend, as long as no extrinsic factors "interfere" (Sober 1980: 358ff.). Such a dispositional-teleological conception, dissociated from classificatory ambitions, would be a fourth form of essentialism. Sober rightly associates such an account with Aristotle, citing Aristotle's claims in his zoological writings that interfering forces are responsible for deviations, i.e., morphological differences, both within and between species. A contemporary account of human nature with this structure will be discussed in section 4.

A fifth and final form of essentialism is even more clearly Aristotelian. Here, an explicitly normative status is conferred on the set of properties to the development of which human organisms tend. For normative essentialism, "the human essence" or "human nature" is a normative standard for the evaluation of organisms belonging to the species. Where the first, third and fourth uses of the expression have tended to be made with critical intent (for defensive exceptions, see Charles 2000our attention to geometry and the constraints it imposes on the physiology of an organism. The link arises from the well-known observation that the metabolic rate is proportional to the surface area. The crucial point, which seems to have been overlooked in the literature, is that the proportionality constant includes the velocity of nutrient delivery and/or energy transport at the surface. Thus, the two quantities that determine the metabolic rate, B, are the surface area, S, and the velocity of transport at the surface, v: . A pure power law in the relationship would be expected only when the product of the surface area and the transport velocity at the surface scales precisely as a power law of the organism mass. One would expect that the transportation ability at the surface could vary from species to species depending on the conditions of the surface as well as on ambient conditions. Thus, pure power law behavior would only hold in an idealized situation.

The surface area of the organism, S, is given by , and therefore . The surface area of an object of volume V can scale at most as or at least as . More generally, with , and thus . Noting that , one finds that , , and . The relationship is different for different geometries, leading to profound consequences for life (Table 1). The two limiting cases of geometry have been exploited by nature: in trees, and in animals.

DNA profiling' using microsatellites quickly replaced the earlier DNA fingerprinting approach. Forensic DNA profiling in the U.K. currently analyses 16 microsatellites from across the genome, together with a region from the amelogenin gene present on both X and Y chromosomes that is 4 bp different in size between them, allowing gender identification. The process is similar to QF-PCR for prenatal aneuploidy testing, which will be discussed later. Finding a perfect match between the two samples (e.g. from crime scene and suspect) strongly suggests that these came from the same individual - the likelihood of finding a perfect match between samples from two different individuals is estimated at 1 in a billion - unless of course they are identical twins. On the other hand, if the two samples do not match, it can be concluded that the crime scene sample was not from the suspect. Likewise, in paternity testing, DNA profiling can exclude a man as the father of a child, but cannot prove he is the father with absolute certainty. DNA profiling is also useful in helping to identify human remains, for example where decomposition makes physical identification difficult. The fact that certain variants (including microsatellite alleles) are more frequently found in populations of particular ancestry means that the capability already exists to make some inferences on likely ancestral origin based on only a DNA sample and research is underway to establish whether particular features (for example, eye colour, hair colour and even facial characteristics) can be predicted from DNA. Thus the DNA profiling of the future may generate an identikit image of a wanted individual.

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• When providing activities to people who experience dementia, give four (4) examples of what you could do to ensure the safety and comfort of the person. Explain

• List six (6) examples of behaviors of concern that you may need to recognize when working with people affected by dementia. Explain

Give an example of potential triggers for behaviors of concern that you have learned to be aware of with a person who you work/have worked with who suffers from dementia. Explain

• List 3 factors that are to be considered when documenting in relation to care or treatment provided to a resident or client. Explain

• Give an example of a self-care strategy you implement in relation to working with people with dementia. Explain

• Explain briefly why it is appropriate to call on the family carers and significant others in helping develop activities for the client. Explain

Finally, provide an example how the theory could be used to improve or evaluate the quality of practice in your specific setting. What rationale can you provide that validates the theory as applicable to the role of the nurse practitioner.