Alkaline phosphatase reacts

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Question

1. What is the product and its colour when alkaline phosphatase reacts with its most used substrate in an ELISA?

2. Of the following individuals with ELISA detectable measles antibodies determined by ELISA, which individual is likely to have the highest level of antibody-based protection from disease?

ELISA end-point titre values: Individual 1 = 1:32; Individual 2 = 1:16; Individual 3 = 1:512; Individual 4 = 1:64; Individual 5 = 1:1,024; Individual 6 = 1:2

3. Give two examples of Toll like receptors. What does each recognise?

4. List each of the molecules that form an immunological synapse. To what does each bind?

5. Describe the two signal hypothesis. Why is is required?

6. How can a therapeutic vaccine improve T cell immunity against cancer?

7. What are the three "professional" antigen presenting cell types?

8. Explain the Th1/Th2 dichotomy and the rationale for it.

9. Give examples of four kinds of passive tumour immunotherapy and four kinds of active tumour immunotherapy.

10. Explain the differences between antigenic drift and shift. Why are they important for developing influenza vaccines?

11. Why do you think that various types on nanoparticle vaccines may be good candidates for the development of new vaccines? Give some examples of those in development.

12. What 3 mechanisms of cancer-immune escape may be prevented by epigenetic modulators?

13. Describe the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that can occur during CAR T cell therapy and how it is managed.

14. The key limitation for all cell-based therapies is that they generally require autologous cells- describe the key challenges associated with this.

15. Describe how hyperacute graft rejection is managed.

16. Describe what Triple Therapy aims to do and why we need newer approaches.

17. What are four things to consider when designing a vaccine against a virus?

Reference no: EM133932606

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