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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Indications for Surgery : The normal mitral valve area is 4-5 cm 2 . Usually symptoms appear when the valve area has become less than 2.5 cm2. Symptoms are present at rest when t
Swine influenza Swine influenza, a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory tract of pigs, is c a use d b y a vir us b e lo nging t o the ge nus I nflu e nz a vir
Byproducts of low digestibility and low nitrogen Straws, husks, pods and haulms are the byproducts of this category. Very often the nitrogen content in these byproducts is so l
Q. Conditions Necessary for outbreak of botulism? The following conditions are necessary for an outbreak of botulism: 1. Presence of spores of C. botulinum of type A, B o
Q. Can you show Downsloping ST-Segment? The long term follow-up information suggests that patients whose ST depression evolves to downsloping have more severe disease than tho
What are the result of Arterial Switch operation ? The operation is highly specialised. When carried out in experienced centers the mortality for simple TGA and TGA with VSD i
(a) Why are herbivores considered similar to predators in the ecological context Describe? (b) Differentiate among the following interspecific interactions in a population :
Q. What are some antibiotics used against fungi? The systemic or topical azoles (like fluconazole, itraconazole and others), amphotericin B, the echinocandins (caspofungin, mic
Healthy human female X is 25 years old and not pregnant. During the postovulatory phase of X's menstrual cycle, A. there are high blood plasma levels of LH and FSH.
What is Iodoacetate inhibitor Iodoacetate is the inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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