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FOR-LOOPWhile the number of iterations through a WHILE loop is unknown till the loop completes, then the number of iterations through a FOR loop is known before the loop is entered. The FOR loops iterate over a particular range of integers. The range is the part of an iteration scheme that is enclosed by the keywords FOR and LOOPS. A double dot (..) serve as the range operator. The syntax is as shown below:FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;The range is computed when the FOR loop is first entered and is never re-evaluated.As the next illustration shows, the series of statements is executed once for each integer in the range. After each of the iteration, the loop counter is incremented.FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP -- assign the values 1,2,3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes three timesEND LOOP;The following illustration shows that if the lower bound equals the higher bound, the series of the statements is executed once:FOR i IN 3..3 LOOP -- assign the value 3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes one timeEND LOOP;
Initializing and Referencing Collections Until you initialize a collection, a nested table or varray is automatically null (i.e. the collection itself is null, not its elements)
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
Parameter and Keyword Description: cursor_variable_name: This identifies a cursor variable or the parameter formerly declared within the present scope. host_cursor_va
Keyword & Parameter Description: PRAGMA: These keywords signify that the statement is a pragma (i.e. compiler directive). The Pragmas are processed at the compile time, n
JOIN and AND in SQL In this Section is all about one operator, JOIN. SQL's closest counterpart, NATURAL JOIN, has already been covered. Here we look at several other "join" op
Block Structure The PL/SQL is a block-structured language. That is, the fundamental units (procedures, anonymous blocks, and functions) that make up a PL/SQL program are logi
Exceptions An exception is the runtime error or warning condition that can be predefined or user-defined. The Predefined exceptions are raised implicitly through runtime system
Using DEFAULT You can use the keyword DEFAULT rather than that of the assignment operator to initialize the variables. For e.g. the declaration blood_type CHAR := ’O’; it can b
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Advantages of Exceptions Using the exceptions for the error handling has many benefits. Without an exception handling, every time you issue a command, you should ensure for th
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