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FOR-LOOPWhile the number of iterations through a WHILE loop is unknown till the loop completes, then the number of iterations through a FOR loop is known before the loop is entered. The FOR loops iterate over a particular range of integers. The range is the part of an iteration scheme that is enclosed by the keywords FOR and LOOPS. A double dot (..) serve as the range operator. The syntax is as shown below:FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;The range is computed when the FOR loop is first entered and is never re-evaluated.As the next illustration shows, the series of statements is executed once for each integer in the range. After each of the iteration, the loop counter is incremented.FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP -- assign the values 1,2,3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes three timesEND LOOP;The following illustration shows that if the lower bound equals the higher bound, the series of the statements is executed once:FOR i IN 3..3 LOOP -- assign the value 3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes one timeEND LOOP;
Built-In Functions The PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below: error r
Product-specific Packages The Oracle and different Oracle tools are supplied with the product-specific packages which help you to build the PL/SQL-based applications. For illu
SELECT a.child_fname,a.child_lname,concat(b.parent_title,b.parent_fname), b.parent_lname,b.parent_tphone FROM child a,parent b WHERE a.parent_id=b.parent_id ORDER BY a.child_fnam
PRIMARY KEY: PRIMARY KEY indicates that the table is subject to a key constraint, in this case declaring that no two rows in the table assigned to ENROLMENT can ever have the
Defining and Declaring Records To create records, you have to define a RECORD type, and then declare records of that type. You may also define RECORD types in the declarative
Obtaining a natural join by specifying the common columns Synatax: SELECT * FROM IS_CALLED JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON USING ( StudentId ) However, a named columns join doe
Write a pl/sql block that declares and uses cursors with parameters. In a loop, use a cursor to retrieve the department number and the department name from the departments table
Use the RETURNING Clause Frequently, the application requires information about the row affected by a SQL operation, for illustration, to produce a report or take a subsequent
Functions The function is a subprogram that calculates a value. The Functions and procedures are structured similar, except that the functions have a RETURN clause. You can
Deriving Predicates from Predicates in SQL The corresponding section in the theory book describes how predicates can be derived from predicates using (a) the logical connectiv
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