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Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL
Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT. It assumes that all the exam scripts submitted by students have been marked and it has been decided to record marks of zero for students who failed to turn up for an exam they should have sat. (Remember that SQL's EXCEPT requires its operands to be of the same degree, unlike NOT MATCHING-hence the third element, 0, of the second operand in the example.)
Example: Awarding zero marks to students who failed to take the exam
INSERT INTO EXAM_MARK
SELECT StudentId, CourseId, 0
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
EXCEPT
FROM EXAM_MARK;
Ending Transactions A good quality programming practice is to commit or roll back every transaction explicitly. Whether you rollback or issue the commit in your PL/SQL program
IN OUT Mode An IN OUT parameter passes initial values to the subprogram being called and return efficient values to the caller. Within the subprogram, an IN OUT parameter acts
Iteration Schemes The bounds of a loop range can be variables, literals, variables, or expressions but must compute to integers. Below are some of the examples. As you can see t
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
Initializing Records The illustration below shows that you can initialize a record in its type definition. Whenever you declare a record of the type TimeRec, its 3 fields supp
Using Operator DEREF: You cannot navigate through refs within the PL/SQL procedural statements. Rather than, you should use the operator DEREF in the SQL statement. The DEREF
Delimiters A delimiter is a simple or compound symbol which has a special meaning to PL/SQL. For example, you use delimiters to symbolize an arithmetic operation like additio
Updating by insertion Syntax : INSERT INTO ENROLMENT VALUES (SID ('S4'), 'Devinder', CID ('C1'));
PITS Depressions in secondary cell wall is called pit. A pit present on the free cell wall surface without its partner is called Blind pit. It consists of 2 parts -
Using Cursor Attributes To process the SQL data manipulation statements, the SQL engine must opens an implicit cursor named SQL. This cursor's attributes (%FOUND, %NOTFOUND, %
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