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Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL
Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT. It assumes that all the exam scripts submitted by students have been marked and it has been decided to record marks of zero for students who failed to turn up for an exam they should have sat. (Remember that SQL's EXCEPT requires its operands to be of the same degree, unlike NOT MATCHING-hence the third element, 0, of the second operand in the example.)
Example: Awarding zero marks to students who failed to take the exam
INSERT INTO EXAM_MARK
SELECT StudentId, CourseId, 0
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
EXCEPT
FROM EXAM_MARK;
Redeclaring Predefined Exceptions Keep in mind that, the PL/SQL declares predefined exceptions globally in the package STANDARD; Therefore you need not declare them yourself.
Dynamic Ranges The PL/SQL lets you determine the loop range dynamically at run time, as the example below shows: SELECT COUNT(empno) INTO emp_count FROM emp; FOR i IN 1..emp_cou
Using FIRST and LAST FIRST and LAST return the first and last (minimum and maximum) index numbers in a collection. When the collection is empty, the FIRST and LAST return NULL
a. Write an anonymous block that contains a PL/SQL function. Given an order number orderNo, the function will calculate the total number of the parts in the order. Then the anonym
Brewbean's is implementing a new discount for return shoppers - every fifth completed order receives a 10% discount. The count of orders for a shopper is placed in a packaged varia
IN Mode An IN parameter pass the values to the subprogram being called. Within the subprogram, an IN parameter acts like a constant. And hence, it cannot be assigned a value.
User-Defined Exceptions The PL/SQL defines the exceptions of your own. Dissimilar to the predefined exceptions, the user-defined exceptions should be declared and should be rai
Order of Evaluation When you do not use the parentheses to specify the order of evaluation, the operator precedence determine the order. Now compare the expressions below: NOT
Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1; Select 5 columns and all rows from one table Query: SELECT C_ID, COMPANY, BUILDING, DEPARTMENT, BRANCH FROM CONTRACT;
Recursive Subprograms The recursive subprogram is the one that calls itself. Think of a recursive call as a call to a few other subprograms that does the similar task as your
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