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Declarations in SQLYour program stores values in the variables and constants. As the program executes, the value of the variables can change, but the values constants cannot. You can declare the variables and constants in the declarative part of any PL/SQL block, package, or subprogram. The Declarations allocate the storage space for a value, state its datatype, and name the storage location and hence, you can reference it. A couple of examples are shown below: birthday DATE;emp_count SMALLINT := 0;The first declaration names a variable of the type DATE. The second declaration names a variable of the type SMALLINT and uses the assignment operator to assign an initial value of zero to the variable. The example next show that the expression following the assignment operator can be arbitrarily complex and can refer to the earlier initialized variables: pi REAL := 3.14159;radius REAL := 1;area REAL := pi * radius**2; By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. So, these declarations are equal: birthday DATE;birthday DATE := NULL; In the declaration of a constant, the keyword CONSTANT should precede the type of the specifier, as the example below shows: credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00; This declaration names a constant of the type REAL and assigns an initial value of 5000 to the constant. The constant must be initialized in its declaration. Or else, you get a compilation error whenever the declaration is elaborated. (The procedure of a declaration by the PL/SQL compiler is known as the elaboration.)
Table Literals - SQL One might expect SQL to support table literals in the manner illustrated in Example 2.2, but in fact that is not a legal SQL expression. Example: Not a
How Exceptions Are Raised By the run-time system, the internal exceptions are raised implicitly as are user-defined exceptions that you have related with an Oracle error number
Parameter and Keyword Description: SQL: This SQL is the name of the implicit SQL cursor. %FOUND: This attribute results TRUE if an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE state
Using TRIM This process has two forms. The TRIM removes an element from the end of the collection. The TRIM(n) removes the n elements from the end of the collection. For e.g.
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I want someone to write a TSQL function that returns the name of the ODBC DSN. I will use the queries below, to get information about the connection, but none of these return th
Raise_application_error - procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD , allows to issue an user_defined error messages by stored sub-program or database trigger.
Data Abstraction The Data abstraction extracts the important properties of data while ignoring the not necessary details. Once you design a data structure, you can fail to reme
Write a cursor to open an employee database and fetch the employee record whose age is greater than 45
1.( /5 marks) Suppose that a B+-tree index with the search key (dept_name, building) is available on relation department. What would be the best way to handle the following selecti
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