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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
Briefly discuss on I/O hardware? A controller is a collection of electronics that can operate a port, a bus, or a device. A serial-port controller is an easy controller. It is
To explore the UNIX file system, use basic UNIX commands and use a text editor. Task: 1. Logon to Linux. 2. Create a directory "Unix" under your home d
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Which are the different states of a process? Different status of a process is: New: When the process is created. Running: When instructions are executed. Wait
USER-LEVEL THREADS (ULT) In this level the kernel isn't aware of the existence of threads -- All thread management is complete by the application by using a thread library. Th
how copy on write on pages when many process works at a same time?
(a) Describe services of operating systems. (b) Differentiate among the short term, medium term and long term scheduling that are given by multi-tasking operating systems.
Q. Explain the actions taken by a kernel to context switch between kernel level threads. Answer: Context switching among kernel threads classically requires saving the value
KERNEL ACTIVITY FOR ULTS: The kernel isn't aware of thread activity but it is still managing process activity. When a thread compose a system call the whole process will be bl
Thermostats are subjected to rigorous testing before they are shipped to air conditioning technicians around the world. Results from the last five samples are shown in the table. D
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