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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
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What are scheduling queues? Since the processes enter the system they are put into job queue. This queue contains all processes in the system. The processes that are exist in m
what is an operating system?
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File allocation using I nodes. This method is used to decrease the size of the table in the above method. Every file will have an I-node list. Allow a file have 15 pointers a
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Define swapping. A process requires being in memory to be executed. Though a process can be swapped temporarily out of memory to a backing store and then brought back into memo
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Q. Why is it complicated to protect a system in which users are allowed to do their own I/O? Answer: In earlier chapters we identified a distinction among kernel and user mod
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