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Q. Write short note on Quantization?
Quantization: This is first step in PCM. Total amplitude range of the modulating signal is divided into a number of standard levels called quantization levels at equal intervals as demonstrated in figure. These levels are then transmitted in binary code. Thus actual number of these standard levels is a power of two like 4, 8,16,32,64,128 etc. For the sake of simplicity, Figure displays only eight levels, though practical systems use 128 levels or even higher. A new signal is generated by producing, for every sample, a voltage level corresponding to mid-point level of the standard level in which sample falls. So if a range of 0-4 V were divided into four 1V standard levels and signal was sampled when it was 2.8V, quantizer will output a voltage of 2.5 V and hold that level till next sampling time 2.5 V corresponds to midpoint of the third standard level. This leads to a stepped wave form which follows contour of the modulating signal. This discretisation of modulating signal is termed as Quantization. Figurebelow demonstrates modulating signal m (t) and quantized signal (mq (t)) when eight standard levels are used. Quantized wave forms are an approximation to the original signal. Difference between two wave forms amounts to noise added to the signal by quantization process. Error introduced so is called quantization error.
A sequential circuit has two inputs w1 and w2, and an output, z. Its function is to compare the input sequences on the two inputs. If w1=w2 during any four consecutive clock cycl
What are the Advantages of using robots - They are able to work non-stop; they don't need a break - They are capable of working in conditions hazardous to humans - Ess
Explain the purpose of the I/O instructions IN and OUT. The IN instruction is used to move data from an I/O port into the accumulator. The OUT instruction is used to move d
If an FM signal is given by s FM (t) = 100 cos [2πf c t +100 m(τ ) dτ ] and m(t) is given in figure, sketch the instantaneous frequency as a function of time and determine the pea
ohm''s law
Address Bus The address bus is the group of 16 lines. It is used to carry the address of memory location and addresses of input and output ports as shown. It is a unid
Q. The no-load and blocked-rotor tests conducted on a 110-V, single-phase induction motor yield the following data: • No-load test: input voltage 110 V, input current 3.7 A, and
Q. With a neat circuit diagram explain the working of a Hartley oscillator using an npn transistor and obtain the expression for oscillation frequency and for minimum gain for sust
WHICH PROJECT WILL BE BEST THESE DAYS
GTO ( Gate Turn Off) GTO stands for gate turn off thyristor . it is four layer PNPN device. It can be triggered into conduction like a conventional thyristor by a pulse
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