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Q. What is Single Program Multiple Data?
A general style of writing data parallel programs for MIMD computers is SPMD (single program, multiple data) means all processors execute same program however every processor operates on a separate part of problem data. It's easier to program than true MIMD however more flexible than SIMD. Though most parallel computers today are MIMD architecturally they are generally programmed in SPMD style. In this style though there is not any central controller the worker nodes carry on doing basically the same thing at effectively same time. Rather than central copies of control variables stored on control processor of a SIMD computer, control variables (iteration counts and so on) are generally stored in a replicated fashion across MIMD nodes. Every node has its own local copy of these global control variables however each node updates them in an identical way. There are no centrally issued parallel instructions however communications generally occur in well-defined collective phases. These data exchanges happen in a prefixed manner which implicitly or explicitly synchronizes the peer nodes. The condition is something such as an orchestra without a conductor. There is no central control however every particular plays from the same script. The group as a complete stays in lockstep. This loosely synchronous style has a number of similarities to Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model of computing introduced by theorist Les Valiant in early 1990's. The limited pattern of the collective synchronization is easier to deal with than complex synchronisation problems of a general concurrent programming.
IA-64 (Intel Architecture-64) is a 64-bit processor architecture created in cooperation by Hewlett-Packard and Intel applied by processors like Itanium. The objective of Itanium wa
Array Processing We have seen that for executing vector operations the pipelining conception has been used. There is other method for vector operations. If we have array of n p
Objectives After going through this unit, you will be able to : Tell historical facts of parallel computing; Can explain the essential concepts of the discipline, e.g.
Q. How are the instructions executed and interpreted? All computers have a Unit which performs arithmetic and logical functions. This Unit is called as Arithmetic and Logic Uni
Add 648 and 487 in BCD code. Ans. In BCD Code, addition of 648 and 487: 6 4 8 = 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 8 7 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ---------------------
Define the concept of Typing of object oriented analysis Typing enforces object class such that objects of different classes cannot be interchanged. Or we can say that, class
Q. Explain Simple Interfacing? The following is a sample of the coding, used for procedure interfacing: PUBLIC CUROFF _TEXT SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CODE'
1. It is hard even for a highly skilled experts to abstract good situational assessment when he is under time pressure. 2. Expert systems perform well with specific t
Explain the disadvantages Off-the-shelf - can be over-complex since it tries to cover as many characteristics as possible (for example most users of Word only utilise about
Define class NP. Problems that can be solved in polynomial time by a nondeterministic TM. Contains all problems in P and some problems possibly outside P.
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