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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
Concurrency issues Data integrity: Threads accessing same object need to be synchronized, such as: banking account. Deadlock: One or more threads in system are perman
What is normalization? It is a method of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to attain the properties (1).Minim
Consider a bank that has a collection of sites, each running a database system. Suppose the only way the databases interact is by electronic transfer of money between one another,
Describe the algorithm for updating indices for a single level index when a record is (i) Inserted (ii) deleted What will be the modification if there are multilevel in
normal forms
Saving Derived Attributes to Avoid Re-computation Data that is derived from other data should be stored in the computed form to avoid re-computation. For this, we could define
Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key The Employee Relation satisfies - First normal form - As it has no repeating groups. Second normal form - As it do not have multi-a
Describe entity referential integrity and integrity. Give an example of each. Entity Integrity Rule - If there is a attribute A of relation R is a prime attribute of R then A
Critically evaluate the bulleted list of information-related items in this case study. How are each contradictory to the notion of being an information-literate knowledge worker?
Multilevel Indexing Scheme Consider the indexing scheme where the address of the block is consider in the index for each record, for a little file, this index would be little a
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