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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
Define and differentiate between ordered indexing and hashing. Ans: Ordered indexing: To gain fast random access to records in a file, we can make of an index structure. Every
What is a PROJECT operation? The project operation is a unary operation that returns its argument relation with particular attributes left out. Projection is shown by pie (π).
I am using Siteground. And my database is full of limit so need someone who reduces the data which no need. This is very simple and simple task. Skills required are Databa
external and internal mapping with examples
Differance between Unordered and ordered file ? Unordered file do no has any sequence although ordered file has arranged in a few sequence and data are assigned in ordered form
State as Location within a Program In this traditional approach, location of control inside a program totally defines the program state. Any finite state machine may be implem
what is the need of a log in dbms
If the deletion violates referential integrity constraint, then three alternatives are available: Default option: - refuse the deletion. It is the job of the DBMS to describ
What is Index? An index is a physical structure having pointers to the data. Indices are created in an existing table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possibl
Define average seek time. The average seek time is the average of the seek times, calculated over a sequence of random requests.
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