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What is aggregate function? Briefly describe it?
Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one value. SQL offers 5 built-in aggregate functions:
a) Average: avg
b) Minimum:min
c) Maximum: max
d) Total:sum
e) Count:count
Average: avg
Select avg (balance)
From account
Where branch-name='perryridge'
Count :count
Select branch-name,count(distinct customer-name)
From depositior,account
Where depositor.account-number=account.account-number
groupby branch-name
Explain the difference between using functions along with and without grouping attributes in relational algebra. Give examples. Ans: Group functions are used to group data of
Consider the following relational scheme: R (a,b,c,d,e,f) and its corresponding set of FDs {d→ a, be → c, ac → e, b → f, f → d, a → c}. a. Is the following decomposition i) non
Synonyms and Indexes Some of the essential properties of indexes are: An Index is a schema Object Indexes can be formed explicitly or automatically Indexes are m
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
The State of NewYork certifies firefighters throughout state and keep track all of them, as well as of the state’s fire departments. Each fire department has unique department numb
Concurrency issues Data integrity: Threads accessing same object need to be synchronized, such as: banking account. Deadlock: One or more threads in system are perman
explain the level architectures of the database management system
Define Deadlock recovery measures To recover from deadlock, the cycle in the wait-for-graph should be broken. The common technique of doing this is to rollbac
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What are the disadvantages of relational data ? Disadvantages • Performance - If the number of tables among that relationships to be established are large and the tables t
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