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Define Physical and Logical independence Ans: Physical data independence: The ability to modify physical level without causing application program to be rewritten. Logic
What is persistency? Persistency ensures which data is stored and that after the object is no longer available (program stops running) the data will be available to other users
Differentiate between join and outer join? Outer joins return all rows from at least one of the tables or views mentioned within the FROM clause, as long as those rows get toge
Whta is the advantage of the database management approach? The advantage of the database management approach is data is integrated and can be accessed by multiple programs.
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How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus vary from domain-oriented relational calculus? The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only allowed
explain multi key file organisation
If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations or functions, then the result of R3 = R1 ∩R2 is the relation that contains all tuples that are in both the relations In other words,
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Lost Updates : Suppose the two transactions T3 and T4 run simultaneously and they happen to be interleaved in the following way (suppose the initial value of X as 10000):
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