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Using NOT NULLBesides assigning an initial value, the declarations can impose the NOT NULL constraint, as the example below shows:acct_id INTEGER(4) NOT NULL := 9999;You cannot assign nulls to the variable define as NOT NULL. If you attempt the PL/SQL raises predefined exception VALUE_ERROR. The NOT NULL constraint should be followed by the initialization clause. For e.g. the declaration below is illegal:acct_id INTEGER(5) NOT NULL; -- illegal; not initializedRemember that the subtypes NATURALN and POSITIVEN are predefined as NOT NULL. For illustration, the declarations below are equivalent:emp_count NATURAL NOT NULL := 0;emp_count NATURALN := 0;In the NATURALN and POSITIVEN declarations, the type specifier should be followed by an initialization clause. Or else, you get a compilation error. For e.g. the declaration below is illegal:line_items POSITIVEN; -- illegal; not initialized
Main features of PL/SQL A good way to get familiar with PL/SQL is to look at a sample program. The below program processes an order for tennis rackets. At first, it declares a
Advantages of Wrapping The PL/SQL Wrapper convert the PL/SQL source code into a transitional form of the object code. By hiding the application internals, the Wrapper secure
I need a query for PL/SQL, selecting names with cursor, goes down the list, assigns usernames (initials001) based on initials in the name. If two names have same initials the user
to write a heap sort program usin pl-sql
Overloading The PL/SQL overloads the subprogram names. That is, you can use similar name for few different subprograms as long as their formal parameters differ in the number
Transactions in SQL BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK, SQL has the same syntax except for START in place of BEGIN. However, START TRANSACTION is used only for outermost
Boolean Values Only the values TRUE, FALSE, & NULL can be assigned to a Boolean variable. For illustration, given the declaration DECLARE done BOOLEAN; the following statements
Variable Declaration - SQL SQL's support for variables is very similar to Tutorial D's, except that the syntax for creating persistent variables-base tables-is quite differen
Assigning and Comparing Collections One collection can be assigned to other by an SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or FETCH statement, an assignment statement, or by a subprogram call. A
Declaring Cursor Variables Once a REF CURSOR type is define by you, and then you can declare the cursor variables of that type in any PL/SQL block or subprogram. In the exampl
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