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The Internal or Physical Level
The collection of files permanently stored on secondary storage devices is called as the physical database. The internal or physical level is the one nearby to physical storage, and it gives a low-level description of the physical database, and an interface among the operating systems file system and the record structures used in higher levels of abstraction. It is at the level that record types and methods of storage are definite, as well as how stored fields are shown, what physical sequence the stored records are in, and what other physical structures exist.
Why are cursors necessary in embedded SQL? A cursor is an object used to store the output of a query for row-by-row processing through the application programs. SQL statements
What are audit trails? An audit trail is a log of all alters to the database along with information like which user performed the change and when the alter was performed.
Critically explained the benefits and limitations of different database technologies with proper examples
Code an Oracle Database trigger to enforce the constraint that an employee can never change his or her department.
Types of data independence Data independence can be classified into the following two types: Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the physi
How can we Classify the operations on classes This step fundamentally means all three models functional, object and dynamic (studied in last section) must be combined so that
The basic merits of decomposition. The Advantages of Decomposition 1. Separate person can work on each subsystem. 2. A particular software engineer can specialize in a
What is Trigger? Trigger: A database trigger is procedural code which is automatically executed in response to specific events on a particular table in a database. Triggers can
What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as? A RDBMS maintains a explanation of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index
Suppose that in an organisation, an employee may do different roles in dissimilar projects. Say, RAM is doing coding in one project and doing designing in another. Suppose that the
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