Survey of Manufacturing : A usable product is manufactured in the following sequence.

Ore from Earth → Reducing processes → Molten metal → Commercial Castings → Ingots → Further Processes → Usable product of different shapes and sizes.

All these additional processes used for altering the ingots into usable products can be classified as follows :

            1. Primary Shaping Processes                

            2. Machining Processes

            3. Joining Processes                                               

            4. Surface Finishing Processes

            5. Processes effecting change in properties