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All the cells present in the body contain genes and an approach targeted to modulate the expression of genes is known as gene therapy. This novel approach has emerged by the end of 20th century and comes up with a promise of treating a large number of genetic disorders by ultimately modifying the gene expression (Jin et al, 2008). The two forms of gene therapy are somatic and germ line.
Somatic gene therapy: During this therapeutic approach, the genetic diseases are treated by inserting recombinant genes into non-reproductive or somatic cells. This kind of approach is limited to the patient and does not get transmitted to the future generations of. A normal copy of the malfunctioning gene is inserted into the mutant cells due to which an improvement in the disease phenotype is observed (Dorin, 1996). In the recent past, this technique has been found to be successful in case of familial hypercholesterolaemia and adenosine deaminase deficiency. For treating these disorders hepatocytes and T cells have been used for gene transfer respectively (Dorin, 1996). It has also shown significant success in case of cystic fibrosis and cancer. Various vehicles, like viral and non viral vectors help in the introduction of the genetic material into the mutated cells (Elias and Annas, N.D). This therapeutic approach is categorized into three sections:
However this approach produces short term results as the tissues die and get replaced with other cells.
Endocytosis is the uptake of extracellular macromolecules across the plasma membrane into the cell. The objects to be ingested is progressively enclosed by a small portion of
Pyruvate Pyruvate has three different fates. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters mitochondriaand is converted to acetyl CoA. The acetyl CoA enters thecitric acid cycle.
What is Ecology? Ecology is the field of Biology that studies the relationship among living beings and among living beings and the environment.
The Amazon rainforest in South America is a biodiverse ecosystem. There are large numbers of plant and animal species making up the food web, including over 350 species of predator
Counselling a diabetic patient and their family members is very important as patient has to modify the life style and diet and needs family support. Therefore it is important for y
Does the environment exert an influence on the phenotype? The phenotype may be altered (compared to the original situation conditioned by its genotype) by nongenetic means, ins
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