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Sickle cell anaemia in man is caused by a defective chain of haemoglobin. The abnormal haemoglobin known as MbS differs from natural haemoglobin (HhA) in one amino acid. A substitutional mutation causes the replacement of glutamic acid by valine in the sixth position from the amino terminal end of the Q chain polypeptide. This is because instead of the triplet GAA or GAG which codes for glutarnic acid in normal chains, the abnormal mRNA has GUA or GUG which codes for valine. IdbS in deoxygenated state precipitates out of solution forming elongate crystals. 'The formation of crystals in turn produces a characteristic deformation of RBCs and the cells acquire a crescent or sickle shape, hence the name sickle cell anaemia. The deformation of red cell weakens the red cell membrane and lyses the cells. The loss of red cells and haemoglobin leads to anaemia and this causes oxygen deficiency to the tissues per unit time. Pt, single substitution, more specifically, replacing the thymine by adenine in the second position of the sixth triplet of the P chain gene triggers a variety of responses that affects several aspects of the pfnysiology of the organism. Individuals who are homozygous (HbSiHbS) for the gene usually die early in life. In heterozygotes some proporrion of red cells lyse periodically but this does not cause any serious harm to the individual and in any case the survival is not affected.
Define the Psychological problems - Effect of Obesity? Obese people may be exposed to ridicule and discrimination in areas like employment, promotions and social interactions.
Define Derived proteins - Primary Protein Derivatives? Derived proteins are the derivatives of the protein molecule, apparently fonned through hydrolytic changes in the molecu
Characteristics of Ammonium Transport System The following are the characteristics of ammonium transport system: Ammonium transport system is ammonia' repressible
Q. How is HIV transmitted? What is the disease caused by this virus? The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is supposed to be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal secretio
What is the mechanism by which gap junctions could relay signals from G protein coupled receptors between cells within a tissue?
Q. What are the two major divisions of the chordate phylum? Chordates are divided into vertebrates and protochordates (urochordates and cephalochordates). Q. What are the d
Enumerate the major substrates for gluconeogenesis The major substrates for gluconeogenesis are the glucogenic amino acids, lactate glycerol and (important in ruminant) propi
Define the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Thiamin (RDA)? Thiamin, as it must be clear by now, is needed mainly for the metabolism of carbohydrate, branch-chained amino aci
Shifting cultivation - Degradation of Ecosystem This method of cultivation is practised all over the globe, but is more prevalent in the tropical countries. In this practice a
Q. Since pepsin is a gastric enzyme does it have a basic or an acid optimum pH? What happens to pepsin when it passes into the duodenum? Pepsin acts contained by the stomach so
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