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Both DTL and TTL are based on the saturating BJT inverter. The transistor acts as a switch that connects or disconnects the collector and emitter. The switch is closed when sufficient base current is applied to saturate the transistor. While the BJT technologies have dominated during the 1970s, logic families based on MOSFET technology are nowmore widely used because of the advantages of fewer fabrication steps and generally lower power consumption. After PMOS and NMOS technologies, CMOS emerged as the dominant MOS technology and remains so today. Let us consider the simple MOSFET inverter with resistive load shown in Figure (a), quite similar in principle to the BJT inverter, although the circuit is rather impractical, as we shall see later. The load line for RD = 23 k and VDD = 7 V is shown along with the transistor I-V characteristics in Figure (b). On finding vout (= vDS) for different values of vin (= vGS), the voltage-transfer characteristic (vout versus vin) is plotted in Figure (c). By choosing the low range to be 0 to 3 V (i.e., less than the threshold voltage) and the high range to be 5 to 7 V, we can see that any input voltage in the low range gives an output of 7 V (high) and inputs in the high range give outputs in the low range. Thus, the circuit is seen to be an inverter.
Q. An RG-139/U rectangular waveguide is given to have dimensions a = 0.8636 mm and b = 0.4318 mm. Compute the theoretical and practical frequency ranges of operation for the guide.
Determine the node voltage: Determine the node voltage V and then current flowing through each element by using KCL. Solution Apply KCL at the node whose voltage is V.
Q. Name all the switching schemes used in a digital exchange. How call processing occur? Ans: The basic types of switching systems used are: 1. Stronger Switching System
Q. Comment brie?y on the following: (a) Why are waveguides not used at low frequencies? (b) Why are open-wire lines not generally used as guiding structures at very high freq
Q. Consider an amplifier as a voltage source with an internal resistance of 72 . Find the turns ratio of the ideal transformer such that maximum power is delivered when the amplif
Reporting Requirements for Distribution Licensees Distribution licensees are needs to provide operational reports, commercial reports, financial reports, energy audit reports
Define the term assembler directives. An assembler directive is a statement to provide direction to the assembler to perform the function of assembly process. The assembler di
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Q. Explain Wireless electromagnetic channels? Wireless electromagnetic channels are used in wireless communication systems, in which the electromagnetic energy is coupled to th
Q. A magnetic force exists between two adjacent, parallel current-carryingwires. Let I1 and I2 be the currents carried by the wires, and r the separation between them.
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