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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
The measurement of blood sugar is of prime importance in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with diabetes. You can refer sub-section 1.5.2 of Unit 1 to review about Glucose T
How do bacteria reproduce? Bacteria replicate by binary fission (scissiparity). Some bacteria though present a kind of sexual reproduction (transformation, transduction or conj
What category do pisces, mammalla, amphibia, reptilia and aves fall into
Chelating agents Oxalates: Only a few plants contain sufficient amounts of sodium and potassium oxalate to be considered toxic. Moreover, ruminants that consume these plants
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Determine the Occurrence of vitamin A In the vegetable kingdom, vitamin A probably occurs in the form of its provitamins which belong to the group of carotenes. Carrots, spina
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Evaluation of Specific Radiographs Intra oral peri apical radiographs, cephalograms, panoramic radiographs and Computed tomographies are necessary for complete survey of teeth
comparison between takhtajans and natural classification
Open Water Zone - Lake Ecosystem This extends beyond the littoral zone and is too deep for light to penetrate till the bottom and for rooted plants to grow. This zone is divid
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