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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Define Assessment of Selenium Status? Blood glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity is directly related to blood selenium up to a level of 1.27 μmoles/L. Beyond this point, the a
Plant Responses to Light-Dark Cycles Based on their requirement for day length (number of hours of light) for flowering plants have been grouped under three major categories,
Selection of healing abutment It is done depending upon the tissue thickness. Tissue thickness can be measured similar to ridge mapping or sounding procedure, wherein after an
A recently married man and woman discover that each had an uncle with alkaptonuria, otherwise known as "black urine disease," a rare disease caused by an auto somal recessive allel
Only during recent years, due to commercialization of agriculture, more emphasis has been given on cash crops, which contribute very little to the animal food. As a result, the liv
INTRODUCTIO N - Endocrinolog y - Study of endocrine glands, hormones and their effects. Thomas Addison - Father of endocrinology. Described hormonal disease in 1855 kn
which symbiotic protozoa present in digestive tract of termites?
PHYLUM PROTOZOA Definition and Introduction All unicellular ( or acellular ) eukaryotic animals. Most primitive (Gr. Protos = first=zoon= animals ) organisms
The protocol includes four treatment modalities: A = Mechanical Debridement In this the patients are re-instructed in oral hygiene and motivated to initiate and continue m
Blood from the fetus circulates through the placenta. a) What substances pass (i) from the maternal to the fetal blood, (ii) from the fetal to the maternal blood?
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