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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, tissues are specialised and most of them have organs, mostly highly responsive. Only gametes are haploid, fertilisation
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It is a neural mechanism that plays a role in encoding of new information. Encoding takes place as a result of changes in the strength of synapses among neurons in neuronal network
porifera canal system skeleton
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Explain about bimodal diurnal pattern Animals that show a bimodal diurnal pattern have their activity controlled by two biological clocks - one that controls the time of onset
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