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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Q. What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni? Where does that host live? The intermediate host of a schistosome is a gastropod mollusc, Biomphalaria genus and a snai
Natural selection can therefore mean differential reproduction among members of the sarne gene pool. We earlier said that selection would promote those alleles that give rise to ph
Adverse Effects of Imiquimod Application site reactions (irritation, pruritus, flaking, erosion) are generally mild to moderate in intensity and resolve within 2 weeks of cessa
Explain the soft diet The soft diet provides soft whole food that is lightly seasoned and moderately low in fibre. The foods have a soft texture and are easy to digest. Smal
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How to Defibrillate? Three shocks should be given initially in a 200J - 200J - 360J sequence. For most recoverable situations, 200J would be adequate and results in least myco
What capacity does the brain have to repair itself after injury or disease? It has long been accepted dogma that central nervous system doesn't regenerate itself after traumati
Microevolution is: the change in allele frequency in a population. Cannot occur if genetic equilibrium is reached. Results in the formation of a new species. Is influenced by mutat
Are protozoans diploblastic or triploblastic ?
I nfectious coryza A highly infectious bacterial disease of chickens caused by Hemop hilus paragallinarum, is characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respirator
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