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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
What is the root cap? The root cap is a protective structure located in the tip of the growing root. It protects the meristematic tissue of the root forming a cap that surround
Q. Is rabies caused by virus or by bacteria? How is it transmitted? Which organs and tissues are affected by the disease? How is it prevented and treated? The Rabies, as well k
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Pulmonary Stenosis : The obstruction may be valvar, infundibular or supra valvar.
Cytokinins - Plant Growth Substances Folke Skoog observed that the cell division or differentiation is affected by AMP and other purines. A nucleic acid from yeast was also fo
buffalo can be dies due ashyxia
Ed Rivers, a 3rd year medical student, was alone in the hospital ER one night. It was unusually quiet that night, and the resident was getting some much needed sleep. A patient, Mr
Define Absorption, Storage and Elimination of cyanocobalamin? Vitamin B 12 in food is bound to proteins and is only released by the action of a high 'Concentration of hydroch
Chlorocruorins - Respiratory Pigments These types of respiratory pigments are found in four polychaete families: Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Ampharetidae and Chlorhaemidae. The pi
Q. What do you mean by Bleeding Index? This factor is applicable at this stage to evaluate the health of one stage implants in which the transmucosal component allows the forma
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