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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
Tissue culture The ability of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant is called totipotency. The culture of a cell or a tissue in a suitable medium to produce new plan
During mitosis ER and nucleolus begin to disappear at: 1. Late prophase 2. Early metaphase 3. Late metaphase 4. Early prophase Late prophase
Q. Why are transgenics considered a threat to the environmental safety? The Transgenics can be dangerous to the whole biosphere since the transfer of genes between species may
The symptoms and signs of endocarditis are often constitutional and, when localized, often result from a complication of IE rather than reflect the intracardiac infection itself. C
Q. What is meant by the arch reflex? In some situations the movement of the skeletal striated muscles does not depend upon commands of the superior motor neurons that it is not
Explain about the Tray and Tunnel Dryers? Tray and tunnel dryers are widely used in the food industry. In both cases the material being dried is supported on multiple trays, wi
What is the structure that maintains identical chromatids bound? Ans) The structure that handles identical chromatids bound is the centromere.
Q. Applications of genetic engineering? Applications of genetic engineering in different fields are: • Agriculture: Crops having larger yields, drought -and disease -resis
Q How different are extracellular and intracellular digestion? What is the evolutionary advantage of extracellular digestion? Intracellular digestion is that in which the break
Q. What are the major proteins that constitute the sarcomere? What is the function of those molecules in the muscle cells? In the sarcomere there are organized myosin and actin
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