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As heart failure sets in, there is activation of RAS (Fig 2.1). Adrenergic stimulation of beta-1 receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys results in release of renin. Another mechanism i.e. responsible for renin release is baroreceptor stimulation in renal vascular bed by reduction of renal blood flow.
Angiotensin II that is released is a powerful vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone. It also causes remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Aldosterone retains sodium and has direct effects on myocardium. The result is increased systemic vascular resistance and development of edema. Hence the interruption of this renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Inhibitors) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has salutary effects as there is reduction in systemic vascular resistance, afterload reduction, mild diuresis and improvement in the cardiac output.
Angiotensin II also has direct role in modifying the structure and function of myocardium.
What are the cell kinds that form the phloem? What are the major features of those cells? The major cells that form the phloem are the sieve elements and the companion cells an
Of which cells is the nervous tissue constituted? How is the generic function of this tissue related to the characteristics of the main cell type that forms it? The nervous tis
locomotion in parameceum
RACE S OF MODERN MAN Australoids Negroids Caucasoids Monogoloids American Indian Polynesian All human races have the same number of chromosomes (46) and b
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#what characteristics of green algae that led to biologists considered it as a plant?
Do all vascular plants develop annual rings? Vascular plants are those, which have phloem and xylem structures within them to transport water and nutrients around the plant. Mo
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