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Demonstration of immune responses and biomarkers:
This may be done either on the basis of sero-conversion study on paired sera samples or by challenge (protection) test. In sero-conversion, the first sera sample is collected at the time of disease and the second after 21 to 30 days of the first collection. A rise of 4-fold or more in antibody titer in neutralization, HI and CF tests are taken as a positive evidence of the involvement of the particular infectious agent in the causation of the disease under study. Challenge tests of recovered and control animals with the known virus strain of the disease being suspected, is a sure method to diagnose disease. However, it requires more time and inputs in terms of animals, sheds, attendants, etc.
Define Absorption, Storage and Elimination of niacin? Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are rapidly absorbed from the intestine rather than the stomach. At low concentrations, a
What is population density? Population density is the relation among the number of individuals of a population and the area or volume they occupy. For instance, in 2001 the hum
Define Cancer - excessive fat intake? Role of fat in cancer is debatable. High fat intake is indicated as a risk factor to cancer of breast, colon etc. Saturated fat intake has
What are the three main types of trophic pyramids studied in Ecology? The three kinds of trophic pyramids studied in Ecology are the numeric pyramid, the biomass pyramid and th
Inversion We know that atmosphere is heated from below and warm air rises, but air can be prevented from rising by a condition known as inversion. An inversion refers to a situ
Define the Essentiality of Carbon for the Growth of Microorganisms Carbon is needed for the skeleton of all organic molecules. Microorganisms acquire it either as inorganic car
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How does nondisjunction in meiosis I and meiosis II look in males and females? Diagram it.
Soil-Environmental Components The word soil is derived from Latin word 'solum' meaning earthy material in which plants grow. The soil is the consolidated outer layer of the ear
Define Foam Spray Drying Method? This is an extension of spray drying and involves the use of gases dissolved under pressure prior to spraying. The main advantage is that the
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