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In a raw Itanium, a "Processor Abstraction Layer" (PAL) is integrated into the system. When it is booted the PAL is loaded into the CPU and gives a low-level interface that abstracts some instructions and gives a mechanism for processor updates distributed via a BIOS update.
During BIOS initialization an additional layer of code, the "System Abstraction Layer" (SAL) is loaded that gives a uniform API for execution-specific platform functions.
On top of the PAL/SAL interface sits the "Extensible Firmware Interface" (EFI). EFI is not part of the IA-64 architecture but by convention it is needed on all IA-64 systems. It is a easy API for access to logical aspects of the system (display, storage, keyboard, etc) combined with a lightweight runtime environment (same to DOS) that allows basic system administration tasks such as configuring storage adapters, flashing BIOS and running an OS boot-loader.
Once the OS has been booted, some aspects of the PAL/SAL/EFI stack remain resident in memory and can be accessed by the OS to perform low-level tasks that are implementation-dependent on the underlying hardware.
Functions - first-order logic: Functions can be thought of as exceptional predicates, wherever we think of all but one of the arguments as input and the output as final argume
Q. Show the Shared Programming Using Library Routines? The mainly well-liked of them is use of combo function known as fork() and join(). Fork() function is used to initialize
SHOW THAT AVERAGE NUMBER OF UNIT IN A (M/M/1) QUELING SYTEM IS EQUAL TO P/(1-p). NOTE:P=ROW
Convert decimal 153 to octal. Equivalent in octal will be ? Ans. (153) 10 = (231) 8
Direct Mapping: In this particular technique, block j of the primary memory maps onto block j modulo 128 of the cache. The primary memory blocks 0,128,256,...is loaded
Q. Register-to-register operands in RISC? Register-to-register operands: In RISC machines operation which access memories are LOAD and STORE. All other operands are kept in reg
Address translation: Compiler time : If it is known in advance that a program will reside at a particular location of primary memory, and then the compiler can be told to
Subroutine are the part of implementing processes (like any process can call a subroutine for achieve task), whereas the interrupt subroutine never be the part. Interrupt subroutin
Q. Explain Point-to-point Message Passing? In point to point message passing, one process transmits/receives message from/to another process. There are four communication modes
Explain Concurrent Sharing Here a number of programs that may share a file simultaneously. While this is the case, it is necessary to prevent mutual interference among them. Th
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