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Using Pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES:
The function called from the SQL statements should obey certain rules meant to control the side effects. To check for violation of the rules, you can use the RESTRICT_REFERENCES pragma that instructs the compiler to report reads and/or writes to database tables and/or package variables.
Avoiding Deadlocks
In some situations when executing a SQL data definition statement, the outcome is a deadlock.
For illustration, the procedure below causes a deadlock as it attempts to drop itself. To avoid the deadlocks, never try to ALTER or DROP a subprogram or package while you are still using it.
CREATE PROCEDURE calc_bonus (emp_id NUMBER) AS
BEGIN
...
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP PROCEDURE calc_bonus';
-- causes "timeout occur while waiting to the lock object" error
END;
Control Structures The Control structures are the most important PL/SQL extension to the SQL. Not only does PL/SQL let you manipulate Oracle data, it lets you process the data
Tautologies: Above given table allows us to read the truth of the connectives in the next manner. Just expect we are looking at row three. It means this says that, if there P
Consider the schema for FreeChecking Bank, that we designed given below. Translate the given ER schema into SQL CREATE TABLE statements (indicating primary key, unique and foreign
Example of Table Literal - SQL Example: A Table Literal (correct version) VALUES ('S1', 'C1', 'Anne'), ('S1', 'C2', 'Anne'), ('S2', 'C1', 'Boris'), ('S3', 'C3'
Collection Methods: The collection method is a built-in function or procedure which operates on the collections and is called using the dot notation. The methods like the C
Exception handling In the PL/SQL, a warning or error condition is known as an exception. The Exceptions can be internally defined (by the run-time system) or user defined. The
Using LIMIT For nested tables, that have no maximum size, the LIMIT returns NULL. For varrays, the LIMIT returns the maximum number of elements that a varray can have (that yo
Iterative Control: LOOP Statements The LOOP statement executes a series of statements multiple times. There are 3 forms of LOOP statements: LOOP, WHILE-LOOP, & FOR-LOOP. LOOP
Bulk Binds advantages In the Embedded Oracle RDBMS, the PL/SQL engines accept any valid PL/SQL subprogram or block. As the figure shows, the PL/SQL engine executes all procedur
Example of WHEN or THEN Constraints A concrete example showing how SQL supports WHEN/THEN constraints CREATE TABLE SAL_HISTORY (EmpNo CHAR (6), Salary INTEGER NOT NULL,
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