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Special cases of projection
This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, otherwise TABLE_DEE. As we have already seen, the identity projection is represented in SQL by SELECT * FROM t, but SQL does not recognize the existence of column less tables and so SELECT FROM t is not supported.
Datatype Conversion At times it is necessary to convert a value from one datatype to another. For e.g. if you want to inspect a rowid, you should convert it to a character stri
What Are Subprograms? The Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks which can take parameters and be invoked. The PL/SQL has 2 types of subprograms known as the procedure s and func
"Not Enforced" Table Constraints A constraint that is not enforced is not really a constraint within the meaning of the act, but SQL does have such a concept and it needs to b
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a procedure to perform an action. The procedure has 2 sections: the spe
How Bulk Binds Improve Performance The assigning of values to the PL/SQL variables in SQL statements is known as binding. The binding of the whole collection at once is know
Selecting Objects: Suppose that you have run the SQL*Plus script below that creates object type Person and object table persons, and that you have settled the table: CREATE
Example of NOT EXISTS Operator - SQL Example is a translation into SQL of the corresponding example, which is included there merely to show that for any scalar comparison the
UNION and OR - SQL SQL supports UNION explicitly but differently from the way it supports JOIN explicitly. As we have seen, JOIN is used exclusively within the FROM clause, su
Majority of Differences among 9i, 10G, 11G :- These are some combine feature which has differences among others. Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) Drop database' s
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