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Organic & polymer solar cells are made from thin films (typically 100nm) of organic semiconductor such as polymer and small molecule compounds like poly phenylene vinylene, copper phthalocyanine a blue or green organic pigment and carbon fullerenes. The energy conservation efficiency of data using conductive polymer are low at 4-5% efficiency for the best cells to data. Though, these cells could be helpful in some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are significant. The invention of conductive polymer has leaded the development of much cheaper cells which are based on inexpensive plastics. However all organic solar cells made of data suffer from degradation upon exposure to UV light, and hence have lifetimes which are far too short to be viable. The conjugated double bond systems in the polymers, which take the charge, are all the time susceptible to breaking up when radiated with shorter wavelengths. Additionally, most conductive polymer, being highly unsaturated and reactive, are highly sensitive to atmospheric moister and oxidation, making commercial applications difficult.
A 4μF capacitor is connected in parallel with a 6μF capacitor. This arrangement is then linked in series with a 10μF capacitor. A supply p.d. of 250V is linked across the circ
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What is Fission and Fusion? Fission: The breaking down of a Nucleus (not atom) into minute nuclei. It is usually induced by a neutron. For instance, a Helium nucleus (known a
what is the physical significance of damping coefficient?
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Distinguish between absolute permeability and relative permeability of a medium Absolute Permeability: 1. Absolute permeability is the ability of the medium to allow th
Q. Collector current I c =20 mA and base current I b = 50 A. Find current gain β of a transistor. β = I C / I B = 20 X 10 -3 / 50 X 10 -6 = 400
What is index fiber? How you define the modes in an optical fiber? Give a relation between core diameter and numerical aperture. Ans.: The index profile of a single mode fi
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The radioactive isotope D decays according to the sequence If the mass number and atomic number of D2 are 176 and 71 respectively, what is (i) the mass number (ii) atomic
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