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Organic & polymer solar cells are made from thin films (typically 100nm) of organic semiconductor such as polymer and small molecule compounds like poly phenylene vinylene, copper phthalocyanine a blue or green organic pigment and carbon fullerenes. The energy conservation efficiency of data using conductive polymer are low at 4-5% efficiency for the best cells to data. Though, these cells could be helpful in some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are significant. The invention of conductive polymer has leaded the development of much cheaper cells which are based on inexpensive plastics. However all organic solar cells made of data suffer from degradation upon exposure to UV light, and hence have lifetimes which are far too short to be viable. The conjugated double bond systems in the polymers, which take the charge, are all the time susceptible to breaking up when radiated with shorter wavelengths. Additionally, most conductive polymer, being highly unsaturated and reactive, are highly sensitive to atmospheric moister and oxidation, making commercial applications difficult.
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Boltzmann constant; k (L. Boltzmann) This is a constant that describes the relationship among temperature & kinetic energy for molecules in an ideal gas. This is equal to 1.380
Can you explain Electrical Induction?
An iron ring of mean diameter 10 cm is uniformly wound with 2000 turns of wire. When a current of 0.25 A is passed by the coil a flux density of 0.4 T is set up in the iron. F
A sugar solution was formed by adding 80 gm of cane sugar into one liter of water. By observation it is found that it gave an optical rotation of 9.9 0 , when filled
The frames of reference which are themselves accelerating, rotating etc like that Newton's first law of motion becomes invalid in their case can be known as non-inertial frames of
x-ray and e ray
Examples of unlike parallel forces
a catapult can hurl a rock straight up in the air 45 m high. What is the maximun range of the catapult?
The amplified video signals are amplitude modulated using a suitable r.f. carrier wave in a transmitter called ‘AM' picture transmitter. Similarly, the amplified audio signals are
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