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Odds ratio is the ratio of the odds for the binary variable in two groups of the subjects, such as, males and females. If the two possible states of variable are labeled as 'success' and 'failure' then the odds ratio is the measure of the odds of a success in one group relative to that in the other group. When the odds of a success in each group are the same then the odds ratio is equal to one. It can be estimated as follows here a, b, c and d are the suitable frequencies in the two-by-two contingency table formed from data.
This term is sometimes used for the data collected in those longitudinal studies in which more than the single response variable is recorded for each subject on each occasion. For
Ascertainment bias : A feasible form of bias, particularly in the retrospective studies, which arises from the relationship between the exposure to the risk factor and the probabil
An approach to decrease the size of very large data sets in which the data are first 'binned' and then statistics such as the mean and variance/covariance are calculated on each bi
The procedure in which the prior distribution is required in the application of Bayesian inference, it is determined from empirical evidence, namely same data for which the posteri
Contour plot : A topographical map drawn from data comprising observations on the three variables. One variable is represented on horizontal axis and the second variable is represe
Blinding : A procedure used in clinical trials to get rid of the possible bias which might be introduced if the patient and/or the doctor knew which treatment the patient is receiv
Ordered alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis or assumption which speci?es an order for the set of parameters of interest as an alternative to the equality, rather than simply th
Censored observations : An observation xi on some variable of interest is consired to be censored if it is known that xi Li (left-censored)or xi Ui (right-censored) where Li and Ui
Cauchy distribution : The probability distribution, f (x), can be given as follows where α is the position of the parameter (median) and the beta β a scale parameter. Moments
What is a Generalized Linear Model? A traditional linear model is of the form where Yi is the response variable for the ith observation, xi is a column vector of explanator
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