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The oxidation of substrates like free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, lactate and ketone bodies results in the energy of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Creatine phosphate (CP). The substrate used depends on several factors like its level in the blood, level of insulin and catecholamine level. In the resting, fasting state 70-80 per cent of the oxygen consumption can come from the oxidation of FFA. With high glucose levels and resulting high insulin levels the fuel shifts to glucose. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate. It is either synthesized to glycogen or enters glycolysis with pyruvate as the end product. Lactate is used as the major fuel when its level increases with severe exercise. Lactate may leave the myocardium or if acetylated to acetyl coenzyme A enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Catecholamines increase lipolysis and thus increase the FFA levels. Normally free fatty acids are the main substrate. In ischaemia the glycolytic pathway is stimulated. This cannot substitute for oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably ischaemia thus leads to a fall in ATP levels. This impairs myocardial function.
What are the cells responsible for the production of antibodies? The cells that make antibodies, i.e., the cells of the humoral immune system, are the B lymphocytes (B cells).
A charged particle A exerts a force of 2.39uN to the right on charged particle B when the particles are 12.3 mm apart. Particle B moves straight away from A to make the distance be
Q. Illustrate Chromosome Structure? Cytologists have studied chromosome morphology and have pointed out that the most interesting feature about the chromosome structure is the
basic difference beyween gymnosperm,angiosperm and pteridophytes.
Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl grew bacteria in media having either N14 or N15 for various numbers of cell divisions. DNA from the bacterial samples were isolated and spun within
How we can measure perimplant PD Perimplant PD should be measured routinely during maintenance appointment with a less probing force (0.2 to 0.3 N) as the tissue is more sensit
Nuclear Type - Endosperm The primary endosperm nucleus divides. The cell wall is not laid. These nuclei and their division products form a large number of free nuclei. The fi
List the four phases of mitosis, and briefly explain what occurs during each phase. Prophase: the chromatin coils and produces chromosomes, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope d
Q. How different are the concepts of neoplasia, tumor and cancer? Not all tumor is neoplastic and not every neoplasia creates tumor. The Tumor is the generic name given to the
what are some of the human needs??
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