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The oxidation of substrates like free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, lactate and ketone bodies results in the energy of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Creatine phosphate (CP). The substrate used depends on several factors like its level in the blood, level of insulin and catecholamine level. In the resting, fasting state 70-80 per cent of the oxygen consumption can come from the oxidation of FFA. With high glucose levels and resulting high insulin levels the fuel shifts to glucose. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate. It is either synthesized to glycogen or enters glycolysis with pyruvate as the end product. Lactate is used as the major fuel when its level increases with severe exercise. Lactate may leave the myocardium or if acetylated to acetyl coenzyme A enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Catecholamines increase lipolysis and thus increase the FFA levels. Normally free fatty acids are the main substrate. In ischaemia the glycolytic pathway is stimulated. This cannot substitute for oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably ischaemia thus leads to a fall in ATP levels. This impairs myocardial function.
factors affecting nitrogen balance
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feeding in holozoic organisms
how energy enters and then flows through a biological system
How did Alfred Hershey and Martha chase arrive at the conclusion that DNA is the Genetic material?
Considering a pair of homologous chromosomes containing a gene having two different alleles how many different genotypes can the individual present?
Entomophily - Cross-pollination It involves insects to carry the pollen to achieve pollination. Salvia exhibits a specialised 'tumapipe' floral mechanism that signifies classi
Main successful vaccines are live attenuated and heat killed vaccines.
What are the two main classes into which fishes are divided? Fishes are separated into two main classes: chondrichthyes, fishes with cartilaginous skeletons (sharks, rays, dog-
Define
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