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The oxidation of substrates like free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, lactate and ketone bodies results in the energy of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Creatine phosphate (CP). The substrate used depends on several factors like its level in the blood, level of insulin and catecholamine level. In the resting, fasting state 70-80 per cent of the oxygen consumption can come from the oxidation of FFA. With high glucose levels and resulting high insulin levels the fuel shifts to glucose. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate. It is either synthesized to glycogen or enters glycolysis with pyruvate as the end product. Lactate is used as the major fuel when its level increases with severe exercise. Lactate may leave the myocardium or if acetylated to acetyl coenzyme A enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Catecholamines increase lipolysis and thus increase the FFA levels. Normally free fatty acids are the main substrate. In ischaemia the glycolytic pathway is stimulated. This cannot substitute for oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably ischaemia thus leads to a fall in ATP levels. This impairs myocardial function.
Define sex
Production of Rare Hybrids Hybridization is a well established plant breeding procedure to obtain superior plants by combining useful characters distributed in different plan
Vitality and Vigour - Qualitative Characters Vitality is related to the condition of a plant and its capacity to complete its life cycle, while vigor refers more specifically
Gaseous Exchange Gaseous exchange is take place on by both mantle and the gills. The gills of most bivalves are highly changed for filter feeding. They are derived from the pr
HETEROTROPHI C NUTRITION Animals derive organic food materials by consuming products of plants - Heterotrophic nutrition. T ype s of Heterotrophic Nutrition (i ) H
Q. What is the association between sunrays and vitamin D? Vitamin D or calciferol is synthesized in the skin by the action of the ultraviolet range of sunrays upon precursor mo
Explain the Direct Microscopic Counts (DMC) The process includes making a smear of food sample on a microscope slide followed by staining with an appropriate dye and viewing an
Q. Minerals requirements during congestive cardiac failure? Minerals: Since sodium and potassium are the major electrolytes associated with oedema, it is important that sodium
Q. Can two normal individuals of the same species with sexual reproduction have identical karyotypes and identical genomes? And how is the human karyotype usually represented?
What is the nucleolus? The nucleolus is a small and optically dense region in the interior of the cell nucleus. It is made of ribosomic RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Single nucleus
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