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The oxidation of substrates like free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, lactate and ketone bodies results in the energy of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Creatine phosphate (CP). The substrate used depends on several factors like its level in the blood, level of insulin and catecholamine level. In the resting, fasting state 70-80 per cent of the oxygen consumption can come from the oxidation of FFA. With high glucose levels and resulting high insulin levels the fuel shifts to glucose. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose 6 phosphate. It is either synthesized to glycogen or enters glycolysis with pyruvate as the end product. Lactate is used as the major fuel when its level increases with severe exercise. Lactate may leave the myocardium or if acetylated to acetyl coenzyme A enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Catecholamines increase lipolysis and thus increase the FFA levels. Normally free fatty acids are the main substrate. In ischaemia the glycolytic pathway is stimulated. This cannot substitute for oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably ischaemia thus leads to a fall in ATP levels. This impairs myocardial function.
Define Water of hydration and Bound Water - Water Found in Food? Water of hydration: This moisture is chemically bound to the constituents of the material and in most cases w
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Are viruses cellular organisms?
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IMPLAN TA TIO N - Attachement of blastocyst on the endometrium of the uterus is called implantation. Generally it occurs 7th day after fertilisation. (6-10 days). Blas
What is linkage? Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they reside in the same chromosome. For instance, the research of the human genome discovered that t
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