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Define According to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is called Ans: As per to the levels of abstraction, the schema at the intermediate level is
Discuss the differences among the candidate keys and the primary key of a relation. Give instance to describe your answer? A candidate key is one that can be used as primary ke
What is the meaning of Recovery? In deferred update methods, if a transaction fails before arriving its commit point, it will not have altered the database in any way, so UNDO
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
Use of partial data by applications : In common, applications work with views rather than whole relations. Thus, it may be more appropriate to work with subsets of relations rather
Differentiate OO development from structured development. Structured approach of problem solving is based upon the idea of decomposition of system into subsystem. In this appro
What is meant by heuristic optimisation?Discuss the major heuristics that are applied during query optimisation.
Describe Physical Data independence ? Physical Data Independence - It is capacity to modify the internal schema without having to change conceptual schema. Therefore, the exter
Define Network DBMS The NDBMS is built primarily on a one-to-many relationship, but where a parent-child representation between the data items cannot be ensured. This may occur
For every multivalued attribute 'A', we make a new relation R that contains an attribute corresponding to plus the primary key attribute k of the relation that shows the entity typ
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