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Q. Major problems associated in writing with cache memories?
The data in main and cache memory can be written by processors or I/O devices. The major problems associated in writing with cache memories are:
a) The contents of cache and main memory can be changed by more than one device. For illustration CPU can write to caches and I/O module can directly write to main memory. This can result in inconsistency in values of main and cache memory.
b) In case of multiple CPUs with different cache a word changed in one cache automatically invalidates that specific word in other cache as well.
The proposed schemes for writing in system with caches are:
(a) Write through: Write the data in main memory as well as cache memory. The other CPUs - Cache combination has to watch with traffic to main memory and make appropriate modification in contents of cache. The drawback of this scheme is that a bottleneck is created because of large number of accesses to main memory by different CPUs.
(b) Write block: In this technique updates are made only in cache, setting a bit known as Update bit. Only those blocks whose update bit is set is replaced in main memory. However here all accesses to main memory whether from other CPUs or I/O modules required from cache resulting in complex circuitry.
(c) Instruction Cache: An instruction cache is one that is used for accessing only instructions and nothing else. Benefit of such a cache is that as instructions don't change we do not need to write instruction cache back to memory unlike data storage cache.
Q. How to load DOS from Floppy Disk? If DOS is not setup on the Hard Disk of your PC, or you want to load DOS from the Floppy disk drive due to any reason, follow these steps:
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