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Loop LabelsLike the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP statement, as shown:<>LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;Optionally, the label name can also come out at the end of the LOOP statement, as the illustration below shows:<>LOOP...END LOOP my_loop;If you nest labeled loops, you can use the ending label names to improve the readability. With either form of the EXIT statement, you cannot complete only the current loop, but also any of the enclosing loops. Merely, label the enclosing loop that you want to done. Then, use the label in an EXIT statement, as shown:<>LOOP...LOOP...EXIT outer WHEN ... -- exit both loopsEND LOOP;...END LOOP outer;
Using Operator REF: You can retrieve refs by using the operator REF that, like VALUE, takes as its argument a correlation variable. In the illustration below, you retrieve one
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Keyword and Parameter Description: boolean_expression: This is an expression which results the Boolean value TRUE, FALSE, & NULL. It is related with a series of statement
Naming Conventions The similar naming conventions apply to all PL/SQL program items and units including the variables, cursors, constants, cursor variables, procedures, exception
Closing a Cursor The CLOSE statements disable the cursor, and the result set becomes undefined. An illustration of the CLOSE statement as shown: CLOSE c1;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement prepare (parses) and instantly executes a dynamic SQL statement or an anonymous PL/SQL block. Syntax:
Initializing and Referencing Collections Until you initialize a collection, a nested table or varray is automatically null (i.e. the collection itself is null, not its elements)
SQL Functions The PL/SQL uses all the SQL functions involving the following aggregate functions that summarize the whole columns of the Oracle data: GROUPING, AVG, COUNT, STDDE
Using FORALL and BULK COLLECT Together You can unite the BULK COLLECT clause with the FORALL statement, in that case, the SQL engine bulk-binds column values incrementally. In
Using SAVEPOINT The SAVEPOINT names and marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK TO statement, the savepoints undo parts of a transac
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