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Loop LabelsLike the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP statement, as shown:<>LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;Optionally, the label name can also come out at the end of the LOOP statement, as the illustration below shows:<>LOOP...END LOOP my_loop;If you nest labeled loops, you can use the ending label names to improve the readability. With either form of the EXIT statement, you cannot complete only the current loop, but also any of the enclosing loops. Merely, label the enclosing loop that you want to done. Then, use the label in an EXIT statement, as shown:<>LOOP...LOOP...EXIT outer WHEN ... -- exit both loopsEND LOOP;...END LOOP outer;
User-Defined Exceptions The PL/SQL defines the exceptions of your own. Dissimilar to the predefined exceptions, the user-defined exceptions should be declared and should be rai
Multiset types - SQL An SQL multiset is what in mathematics is also known as a bag-something like a set except that the same element can appear more than once. The body of an
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is logical, opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields FALSE if the last fetch returned a row, or TRUE when the final fetch failed to return a row. I
Disjunction (OR, ∨) Again we have nine rows instead of just four and again, when unknown is not involved, the rows are as for 2VL. Also, when anything is paired with true, t
Explicit Cursors The set of rows returned by the query can include zero, one, or multiple rows, depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. Whenever a query returns
Transaction Visibility As the figure shows, the changes made by an autonomous transaction become visible to another transaction whenever the autonomous transaction commits. Th
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Passing Cursor Parameters You use the OPEN statement to pass the parameters to a cursor. Unless you want to accept the default values, each proper parameter in the cursor decl
Write a program to implement the inverted file shown in the slides (Simple Index file, LabelID file and Data file). Use the Avail_List to point at the deleted Label IDs so that th
SQL Is a Database Language: The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instea
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