Representations/Languages Used:

Many people are taught Artificial Intelligence with the opening line: "The three most essential things in Artificial Intelligence are representation, representation, representation and representation". When selecting the way of representing knowledge in AI programs will always be a key concern, many methods now have well-selected ways to represent data which have been shown to be meaningful for that technique. Along the way, much research has been undertaken into finding the best ways to represent particular types of knowledge. The way in which knowledge can be represented is often taken as another way to characterize AI. Some general representation schemes include:

1.       Higher order logic

2.       Frames

3.       Production Rules

4.       Semantic Networks

5.       Bayes nets

6.       Hidden Markov models

7.       Neural networks

8.       Strips

9.       Logic programs

10.   Fuzzy logic

11.   First order logic

Some standard AI programming languages have been developed in order to build intelligent programs efficiently and robustly. These include:

• Prolog
• Lisp
• ML

Note that other languages are used extensively to build AI programs, including:

• Perl
• C++
• Java
• C