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Frank H. Knight treated profit as a residual return to uncertainly profit. Obviously knight made a distinction between risk and uncertainly he divided risk into calculable and non-calculable risks. Calculable risks are those whose probability of occurrence can be statistically estimated on the basis of the available data. For example risk due to the fire, theft accidents etc, are calculable and such risks are insurable. There remains however an area of the risk in which the probability of the risk occurrences cannot be calculated. For instance, there may be a certain element of cost which may not be accurately calculable and the strategies of the competitors may not be precisely assessable. The risk elements of such incalculable events are not insurable. The area of the incalculable risk is the area of the uncertainty. It is in the area of uncertainty that business decision making becomes a crucial function of an entrepreneur. If his decisions are proved right by the subsequent events, the entrepreneur makes profit and vice versa. Thus according to the knight profit arises from the decision taken and implemented under the condition of the uncertainty. In his view the profit may arise as a result of decisions concerning k the state of market, decisions which result in the increasing the degree of the monopoly decisions with respect to holding stocks that holding stocks that give rise to windfall gains, and decision taken to introduce new techniques or innovations.
Functions of Commercial Banks In modern economy, commercial banks have the following functions: i. They provide a safe deposit for money and other valuables. ii.
Causes There are a number of explanations of the business cycle but changes in the level of investment seem to be the most likely. In the simplest Keynesian model an increase
Explain in brief the relationship between TR,AR and MR under perfect market condition.
For all regular goods, income elasticity is positive though the degree of elasticity fluctuates as per the nature of commodities. Consumer goods are generally categorised under thr
Price Elasticity at Terminal Points The price elasticity at terminal point N equals 0 means that at point N, e = 0. At terminal point M, although, price-elasticity is undefined
Legal Sanction: A monopoly as stated above may be the result of a government sanction. The government of a country may legally permit a private monopoly or monopoly in the public s
Transfer Payments Are any payments made to households by the government that are not made in return for the services of factors of production i.e. there is no Quid pro Quo. S
1. Define 'Arc Elasticity'. 2. Explain the law of 'Diminishing marginal returns'. 3. What is 'Prisoner's Dilemma', of non cooperative game? 4. What is 'Third degree Discrimation'?
Uses of Indifference Curve Analysis Indifference curve analysis is useful when studying welfare economics as follows: They are used to indicate the amount of income and
critically analyze the firm''s theory of profit maxmization
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