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INTRODUCTION : It took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today. Before 1896, surgeons considered heart to be "inviolable" and it was stated that operating directly on the pulsating heart can be done but the patient will not survive, In 1896, Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon, sutured a wound in the heart caused by stab injury. Discovery of X-ray in 1895 and electrocardiographic recording in 1924, paved the way for the better understanding of diseases of the heart. In 1929, Warner Frossman from Germany did the first right heart catheterization on himself.
Rehn and Sauerbrock from Germany did the first partial pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis (1913). Mitral stenosis was one of the earliest intra cardiac lesions to be treated surgically. Cutler and Levine (1923) using a special knife attached to the finger and Souttar is using digital dilatation were the earliest surgeons to treat mitral stenosis. However, effective closed mitral valvotomy procedures were established by Harken and Bailey in the US and Brock in UK.
PHYSICAL STATE OF PROTOPLASM Several theories have been given about its physical structure - (i ) Granular Theory (Proposed by Altman, Hanstein, 1886) - Granules embed
How is the transport of substances done across the bryophyte tissues? How is this feature related to the general size of these plants? In bryophytes there are no water-conduct
Define the uses of foams The foams frequently used in cookery are whipped cream, ice cream, cake, bread, meringues, milk froth and gelatin. Food foams contain large amounts of
What are typical structures of the seed? What is the endosperm? A typical seed is the composed of the embryo, endosperm and shell. Inside seeds of angiosperms there are one or
Q. Prevention strategy for diverticular disease? The prevention strategy for the disease involves the following: • Eat a high-fiber diet (more than 15 g/day of crude fiber)
binomial nomenclature
The Y chromosome (for males) is less protective against hereditary diseases than the X chromosome. Why then are women considered the weaker sex?
why is it necessary to classify living organisms ? what are the advantages of classifying organisms?
We have no antibodies against any blood group when we are born still we say that some blood groups are incompatible for us.why?
Transcription in eukaryotes, a much more complex procedure than in prokaryotes. In the eukaryotes, translation and transcription take place in several cellular compartments that ar
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