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INTRODUCTION : It took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today. Before 1896, surgeons considered heart to be "inviolable" and it was stated that operating directly on the pulsating heart can be done but the patient will not survive, In 1896, Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon, sutured a wound in the heart caused by stab injury. Discovery of X-ray in 1895 and electrocardiographic recording in 1924, paved the way for the better understanding of diseases of the heart. In 1929, Warner Frossman from Germany did the first right heart catheterization on himself.
Rehn and Sauerbrock from Germany did the first partial pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis (1913). Mitral stenosis was one of the earliest intra cardiac lesions to be treated surgically. Cutler and Levine (1923) using a special knife attached to the finger and Souttar is using digital dilatation were the earliest surgeons to treat mitral stenosis. However, effective closed mitral valvotomy procedures were established by Harken and Bailey in the US and Brock in UK.
Explain briefly how the stimulus at the finger produces an impulse in the sensory neurone using the following key words. 1. Energy conversion (linked to receptor) 2. Na+ in 3. Depo
Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl grew bacteria in media having either N14 or N15 for various numbers of cell divisions. DNA from the bacterial samples were isolated and spun within
BIOLOGY - A SCIENCE OF EXCEPTION - Some common examples to prove it are - 1. Embryos of dicot plants have 2 cotyledons but in cuscuta (Dodder plant or amer bel or Aka
Hirudinea - Feeding and Digestion in Annelids Hirudinea involves free living and ectoparasitic leeches. Leeches are blood suckers. The digestive system contains a preoral cham
Difference between unconditioned and conditioned reflex action- S.NO . 1. UNCONDITIONED It is inborn CONDITIONED
why excretory organ of prawn is called green gland?
One example of animals having a single opening to the outside that serves both as mouth as well as anus is: 1. Octopus 2. Asterias 3. Ascidia 4. Fasciola Ascidia i
Cognitive - Behavioural Approaches They includepsychoeducatiorzal and rational-emotive therapy. The goal is to identify problem behaviour and irrational beliefs and then to de
For a somatic cell with 2n = 4, which of the following is true? (Note: G1- growth phase 1, G2 - growth phase 2, M - metaphase, P - prophase and T - telophase) a. (Number of
Modified or Semi-synthetic Gums These are natural polymers, which are chemically modified to give a new product with improved functional properties. These also fall into severa
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