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INTRODUCTION : It took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today. Before 1896, surgeons considered heart to be "inviolable" and it was stated that operating directly on the pulsating heart can be done but the patient will not survive, In 1896, Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon, sutured a wound in the heart caused by stab injury. Discovery of X-ray in 1895 and electrocardiographic recording in 1924, paved the way for the better understanding of diseases of the heart. In 1929, Warner Frossman from Germany did the first right heart catheterization on himself.
Rehn and Sauerbrock from Germany did the first partial pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis (1913). Mitral stenosis was one of the earliest intra cardiac lesions to be treated surgically. Cutler and Levine (1923) using a special knife attached to the finger and Souttar is using digital dilatation were the earliest surgeons to treat mitral stenosis. However, effective closed mitral valvotomy procedures were established by Harken and Bailey in the US and Brock in UK.
Q. Why is it a sturdy evolutionary hypothesis that although viruses are the structurally simplest beings they were not the first living beings? The fact that viruses are obliga
Organic Tricuspid Regurgitation Here the valve is anatomically abnormal. Etiology of Organic tricuspid regurgitation: 1) Rheumatic 2) Non rheumatic 1. Infective e
A saline drip is to be prepared for a lab experiment that is looking at hydration in lab rats. Calculate the amount of NaCl need to make 4 liters of a 0.9% solution.
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The goals of treating heart failure are relief of symptoms, improvement in exercise tolerance, and reduction in the number of hospitalizations, decreasing morbidity and mortality
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THEORIES TO EXPLAIN FINE STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOME (1 ) Multistranded theory Steffenson 1959 - each chromosome composed of two chromatids (Half Chromosome) and each chromat
Partial Pericardiectomy : The approach can be either by a left anterolateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy. For pyogenic pericarditis with adhesions and loculations a par
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