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INTRODUCTION : It took just hundred years for cardiac surgery to advance to what it is today. Before 1896, surgeons considered heart to be "inviolable" and it was stated that operating directly on the pulsating heart can be done but the patient will not survive, In 1896, Ludwig Rehn, a German Surgeon, sutured a wound in the heart caused by stab injury. Discovery of X-ray in 1895 and electrocardiographic recording in 1924, paved the way for the better understanding of diseases of the heart. In 1929, Warner Frossman from Germany did the first right heart catheterization on himself.
Rehn and Sauerbrock from Germany did the first partial pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis (1913). Mitral stenosis was one of the earliest intra cardiac lesions to be treated surgically. Cutler and Levine (1923) using a special knife attached to the finger and Souttar is using digital dilatation were the earliest surgeons to treat mitral stenosis. However, effective closed mitral valvotomy procedures were established by Harken and Bailey in the US and Brock in UK.
GENETICS 1. The branch genetics started in 1900 after rediscovery of Mendel's work. 2. Gregor Johann Mendel is called Father of genetics. 3. The t
How do CAM plants vary from both C 3 and C 4 plants? CAM plants open their stomata at night, while C 3 and C 4 plants open their stomata during the day.
Name the alloys which are commonly used The most commonly used alloys are Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V extra low interstitial (ELI). Commercially pure Titanium comes in different gr
If dimples may be considered a single-gene dominant trait, and 64% of the population features dimples, calculate the frequencies of heterozygotes and both types of homozygotes, ass
Xenobiotic compounds are man-made chemicals that are present in the environment at unnaturally high concentrations. The xenobiotic compounds are either not produced naturally, o
Describe DNA replication in details? Replication : DNA replicates itself by first breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen base pairs, and "unzips" itself into two s
Neurosecretory Systems Almost all groups of multicellular animals have been investigated to find out if neurosecretory cells are present in them. Such investigations have sho
EPITHELIA L TISSUE OR EPITHELIA Epithelium term coined by Ruysh, it was applied originally to thin skin covering the nipple. (G.epi = upon, thele = nipple) Epithelial tis
What is the Mode of Nutrition in mosquito?
BUCCAL CAVITY - Situated between upper & lower jaw. It is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. Separated from nasal chamber by palate. Palate forms roof of buccal cav
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