Indirect utility functions, Microeconomics

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Indirect Utility Functions:

Let qi denotes commodity i and pi is the price of that commodity. Let y denotes money income of the consumer. Suppose vi = pi/y. The budget constraint now may be written as  

854_Indirect Utility Functions.png

Since optimal solutions in the demand functions are homogeneous of degree zero in income and prices, nothing essential is lost by this transformation to "normalised" prices. The utility function U = f (q1, qn) together with equation (a) gives the following first order conditions of utility maximisation:   

1058_Indirect Utility Functions1.png

It gives the maximum utility as a function of normalised prices. The direct utility function describes preferences independent of market phenomena. The indirect utility function reflects a degree of optimisation and market prices. Applying the composite function rule of calculus to equation (c), we get  

1722_Indirect Utility Functions2.png

where the second equalities are based on equation (b). Partial differentiation of equation (a) with respect to vj yields  

2308_Indirect Utility Functions3.png

which is called the Roy's identity. Optimal commodity demands are related to the derivatives of the indirect utility function and the optimal value of the Lagrange multiplier (i.e., the marginal utility of income). Substituting equation (e) into the last equation of equation (b) gives  

2267_Indirect Utility Functions4.png

to provide an alternative form of Roy's identity. Now consider an optimisation problem in which equation (c) is minimised subject to equation (a) with normalised prices as variables and quantities as parameters. From the function, 1179_Indirect Utility Functions5.pngand setting its partials equal to zero, we get   

2390_Indirect Utility Functions6.png

"Inverse demand functions" are obtained by solving equation (f) for the prices as functions of quantities:  

603_Indirect Utility Functions7.png

This provides a parallel to the direct problem in which quantities are variables and prices are parameters.  


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