Problem:

Part A

Planning is one of the fundamental functions of management. However, formal planning is often severely criticised.

Explain:

(i) how the planning process involves making decisions that will have an impact in the future and;

(ii) how managers can develop an effective action plan.

Part B

"The manager's most basic responsibility is to focus people toward performance of work activities to achieve desired outcomes."

Discuss this statement by making reference to the roles and sub roles which managers perform in an organisation.