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Hashed File Organisation
Hashing is the most common form of purely random access to a database or file. It is also used to access columns that do not have an index as an optimisation method. Hash functions determine the address of the page in which the record is to be stored based on one or more fields in the record. The records in a hash file appear randomly distributed across the available space. It needs some hashing algorithm and the method. Hashing Algorithm changes a primary key value into a record address. The mainly popular form of hashing is division hashing with chained overflow.
Foreign Keys and NULL Let us take the relation: DEPT DEPT ID DNAME BUDGET D1 M
Express the subsequent query in SQL assumes which the data is stored within EMPLOYEE table with relevant fields (i) Display name, job, salary, and hire date of employee who are
Construct an ER diagram for a hospital along with a set of patients and a set of medical doctors Associate with every patient a log of the several tests and examinations conducted.
What do you mean by an execution plan? Why is it used? How will you view it? a.) An execution plan can be known as a road map which textually or graphically illustrates the dat
Update Anomaly : This anomaly is occurred due to data redundancy. Redundant information makes updates more complex since, for example, varying the name of the instructor of MCS-014
Complete replication: It implies maintaining of a whole copy of the database at every site. Thus, the reliability & availability and performance for query response are maximized.
Record based Logical Models: Use records as the key data representation components Examples: Relational Model: It shows data as well as relationship between data in the form
Sequences Sequences: Automatically produce unique numbers Are sharable Are typically used to make a primary key value Replace application code Speed up t
Define the Query optimisation The query parser commonly generates a standard initial tree to correspond to an SQL query, with no doing any optimization. Such type of a canonica
Question (a) Concurrent access to data from a database is a normal part of application program usage. Describe three approaches to concurrency control (b) Distinguish among
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