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File- Section &Working-Storage Section:
a) FILE SECTION:
The FILE SECTION includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written onto some external file.
b) WORKING-STORAGE SECTION:
The data items that are developed internally as intermediate result as well as the constants are explained in this section of the DATA DIVISION.
The format of the DATA DIVISION is as shown below:
DATA DIVISION.
[FILE SECTION.
File section entries.
......
......]
[WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE ENTRIES.
All the section names as well as the division name should be coded as the margin A entries,
Each section of the DATA DIVISION is optional that means that a section may be omitted if there is no data which may be explained in a specific section. It is important to note that the sections to be included should appear in the order as shown above.
File Description for the Relative and Indexed Files: The FD entry for a relative or an indexed file is similar to that of a sequential file. Some compilers do not permit varia
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ARITHMETIC VERBS: Most of the problems need some computations to be performed on the input or intermediate data that are numeric in nature. The Arithmetic verbs are used to pe
Buffers: The Modern computers are able of handling I-O operations independent of the CPU by means of the hardware termed as data channel. For illustration, if two buffers a
Column and Field in COBOL program: In COBOL there are 2 types of entries termed as margin A and margin B entries. The Margin A entries start from the column 8, 9, 10 or 11 and
RENAMES CLAUSE: At times re-grouping of an elementary data items in a record may be essential so that they can belong to the original as well as to the latest group. This is o
Abbreviation: The Consecutive relational conditions in a compound condition can be abbreviated in many cases as shown: (i) When the subjects in the consecutive relational c
LEVEL NUMBERS: The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure. A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers a
B (Blank Insertion) : The occurrence of a B anyplace in the picture will insert a space character in the edited data. There can be more than one B in the picture. Examples:
Illustration of Renames clause: In the illustration, PAT-OTHER-THAN-BASIC will become a fresh group consisting of DEARNESS-ALLOWANCE, HOUSE-RENT & MTHLY-INCENTIVE. Keep in min
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