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Define Physical and Logical independence Ans: Physical data independence: The ability to modify physical level without causing application program to be rewritten. Logic
Relational Algebra is a set of basic operations used to influence the data in relational model. These operations allow the user to specify basic retrieval request. The result of re
Failure Controlling Methods: Failures can be handled using different recovery methods that are talk about later in the unit. But the first question is doing we really require recov
Define outer union operation of the relational algebra. Compute the outer union for the relations R and S given below. Outer Join - If there are any values in one tabl
Briefly describe concurrency execution? Lock - based protocols Locks There are several modes in which a data item may be locked in this section we restrict our attention
Properties of a Transaction A transaction has four main properties. These are: Atomicity Consistency Isolation or Independence Durability or Permanen
Explain the Strategy of Database Planning ?
how draw er diagram
Types of Locks There are two necessary types of locks: Binary lock : This locking mechanism has two states for to a data item: locked or unlocked Multiple-mode loc
Explain what is DDL? DDL - Data Definition Language: statements used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples: CREATE - to create objects in the database ALT
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