External failure-database recovery and security, Database Management System

Assignment Help:

External failure: A failure can also result because of an external cause, such as earthquakes, fire, floods, etc. The database must be duly backed up to avoid troubles occurring due to such failures.

In practice software failures are more ordinary than hardware failures.  Fortunately, recovery from software failures is much faster.

The essential unit of recovery is a transaction. But, how are the transactions can handle during recovery? Let some transactions are deadlocked, then at least one of these transactions has to be start again to break the deadlock and therefore the partial updates made by such restarted program in the database require to be undone so that the database did not go to an inconsistent state. So the transaction must roll back which makes sure that the transaction does not bring the database to an inconsistent state. This is one type of recovery. Let us take a case when a transaction has committed but the alteration made by the transaction has not been communicated to permanently store physical database. A software failure now happens and the contents of the RAM / CPU are lost. This remains the database in an inconsistent state. Such failure needs that on restarting the system the database be brought to a consistent state by using redo operation. The redo operation needs the changes made by the transaction again to bring the system to a consistent state. The database system then could be made available to the users. The main point here is that the database updates are performed in the buffer in the memory. Figure shows some cases of redo and undo. You can make more such cases.

                               511_External failure.png

 

Physical

Database

RAM

Activity

Case 1

A=6000

B=8000

A=4000

B=8000

Transaction T1 has just changed the value in RAM. Now it aborts, value in RAM is lost. No problem. But we are not sure that the physical database has been written back, so must undo.

Case 2

A=4000

B=8000

A=4000

B=8000

The value in physical database has got updated due to buffer management, now the transaction aborts. The transaction must be undone.

Case 3

A=6000

B=8000

A=4000

B=10000

Commit

The value B in physical database has not got updated due to buffer management. In case of failure now when the transaction has committed. The changes of transaction must be redone to ensure transfer of correct values to physical database.

                                                    Figure: Database Updates and Recovery


Related Discussions:- External failure-database recovery and security

Mention constraints to create command ddl, Mention the type of constraints ...

Mention the type of constraints we can specify in the CREATE command of DDL. The type of constraints that can be specified are as follows:- PRIMARY KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, FOR

Compare wait-die deadlock prevention with wait-wound scheme, Compare wait-d...

Compare wait-die deadlock prevention scheme with wait-wound scheme   Ans:  Wait-Die Scheme  a) Based upon a nonpreemptive technique.  b) If Pi requests a resource present

Explain the attribute inheritance, Explain the Attribute inheritance An...

Explain the Attribute inheritance Ans: Throughout the rendering of the objects in a view, attribute sets of objects higher in the view hierarchy are inherited via objects below

Illustrate the term- abstracting out common behaviour, Illustrate the term-...

Illustrate the term- Abstracting Out Common Behaviour Inheritance is not every time recognised during analysis phase of development, thus it is necessary to re-evaluate object

Sequential file organisation, Sequential File Organisation The most nec...

Sequential File Organisation The most necessary way to organise the collection of records in a file is to use sequential Organisation. Records of the file are stored in series

Create a database model, Submit the table creation statements (including co...

Submit the table creation statements (including constraints) for the Database Model. Submit them all in a single script file. Also submit a document explaining what test data yo

Differentiate between a unique key and a primary key, Differentiate between...

Differentiate between a unique key and a primary key. - By default, clustered index on column are created by primary key while nonclustered index are created by unique key.

A step-wise distributed database design methodology, A step-wise distribute...

A step-wise distributed database design methodology Following is a step-wise methodology for distributed database design. (1) Examine the nature of distribution. Find out wh

Write a short note on participation role, write a short note on participati...

write a short note on participation role? Participation role: roles are indicating in E-R diagram by labelling the lines that connect diamonds to rectangles.

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd