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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
Briefly explain the state diagram by taking one example. State Diagram - An object can be given a sequence of input instructions. The state of the object can vary depending u
What are the states of transaction? The states of transaction are:- a) Active b) Partially committed c) Failed d) Aborted e )Committed f) Terminated
A collection of a same kind of entities is known as an Entity Set or entity type. Example: For the COLLEGE database defines earlier objects of concern are Students, Faculty,
What is a super key? A super key is a set of one or more attributes that collectively permits us to recognize uniquely an entity in the entity set.
DISADVANTAGES OF RDBMS
The Locking Protocol: To manage concurrency related problems we use locking. A lock is mainly a variable that is associated with a data item in the database. A lock can be located
Explain the ANSI SPARC architecture The three-schema architecture is as well known as ANSI SPARC architecture. The aim of the three-schema architecture is to separate the user
What are the object-oriented approaches Software systems which are designed with structured design methodology never support some of desired quality attributes for example reus
Exclusive lock It is asked for by a transaction on a data item that it wants to update. No other transaction can put either a shared lock or an exclusive lock on a dat
a) Distinguish between ‘database' and ‘Database Management Systems (DBMS)'. b) List and briefly describe five potential benefits of the database approach compared to conventio
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