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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
Differentiate between various levels of data abstraction? Data Abstraction - Abstraction is the procedure to hide the irrelevant things from the users and represent the rele
explain participation constraints with examples
Explain how the object classes are mapped to tables. Each object class maps to one or more than one tables in the database. The objects in the class may be partitioned horizont
Super keys of a relation can have extra attributes. Candidate keys are minimal super key, i.e. such a key have no extraneous attribute. An attribute is known as extraneous if even
Convert the following ER - diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram) into a relational database (the primary keys are underlined): Ans: The relational database schema f
deffine class&object
Define a relation ? Relation - A relations is a named two-dimensional table of data. Mathematically, a relation can be described as a subset of the cartesian product of a lis
Domain Constraint It shows that each attribute in a relation has to contain an atomic value only from the corresponding domains. The data types associated with commercial RDBMS
The Proliferation of Object-Oriented Methods The first few years of the 1990s saw blossoming of around fifty various object oriented methods. This proliferation is a sign of g
Example: RELATIONAL SCHEMA for PERSON: PERSON (PERSON_ID: integer, NAME: string, AGE: integer, ADDRESS: String) RELATION INSTANCE In this instance, m = 3 and n = 4
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