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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
Describe Hashing in DBMS? Hashing: Hashing is a technique to store data within an array so which storing, searching, inserting and deleting data is fast (in theory it's O(1))
The Concurrent Transactions Almost every commercial DBMS support multi-user environment. Therefore, allowing multiple transactions to proceed concurrently. The DBMS must make
Define the terms i) DDL ii) DML DDL: Data base schema is particular by a set of definitions expressed by a special language known as a data definition language. DML: A data
The insertion of a tuple in the aim of reference does not cause any destruction. Though, insertion of a tuple in the relation in which, we has the foreign key, for instance, in ASS
Give the two reasons for allowing concurrency
Write short notes on extension and intension? In any data model, it is significant to distinguish among the description of the database and the database itself the description
examples of fields in a database
Operator Precedence The basic operators used in SQL are * / - + Operators of the similar priority are evaluated From Left to right Parentheses are used to force priorit
Difference between LEFT OUTER JOIN and RIGHT OUTER JOIN In left outer join tuples from the left-hand-side relation which do not match any tuple in the right-hand-side relation
Consider the subsequent relation schemes: Project (Project#, Project_name, chief_architect) Employee (Emp#, Empname) Assigned_To (Project#, Emp#) Give expression i
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