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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
What subschema expresses ? A subschema expresses the external view. (External schemas are called also called as subschemas)
What is a SELECT operation? The select operation selects tuples that please a given predicate. We use the lowercase letter σ to denote selection.
Create a new user : CREATE USER IDENTIFIED BY Example: //CREATE USER MCA12 IDENTIFIED BY W123 Grant: It is used to give database access permission to users. It is of
List the types of authorization. A) Read authorization B) Write authorization C) Update authorization D) Drop authorization
Databases and data warehouses both are databases and both contains number of rows and columns of tables containing data. Data warehouse is really different from databases because d
Examples:- Hierarchical Model: It tells data as and relationships by hierarchy of data values. Figure illustrates an example of hierarchical model. Now a day's these models are
explain normalisation
What is meant by normalization of data? It is a process of examining the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the prop
What are the comparison operator in SQL? Comparison operator in SQL are =, LIKE and BETWEEN
basic structure of xml
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