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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
Database design Database tables will be created for you on the Technology web server. The schema will be as follows. Please note that this is a simplified database structure, d
What are the different approaches for database design? There are two basic approaches for database design which are as follows: Attribute driven: It compiles a list of att
Explain the utilities which help the DBA to manage the database? Every DBA uses database utilities to maintain and control their databases. But there is a lot of confusion wit
For every multivalued attribute 'A', we make a new relation R that contains an attribute corresponding to plus the primary key attribute k of the relation that shows the entity typ
Attributes that are directly kept in the data base. For example, 'Birth date' attribute of a person. Derived Attributes that are not stored directly but can be derived
The State of NewYork certifies firefighters throughout state and keep track all of them, as well as of the state’s fire departments. Each fire department has unique department numb
What are the disadvantages of relational approach? Disadvantages of relational approach: • Substantial hardware and system software overhead • May not fit all business models •
Lack of Redundancy We have talked about the problems of repetition of information in a database. Such repetition should be stay away as much as possible. Let us state once again t
Explain Clustering file organization (i) Determine if a record of file is physically ordered on a nonkey field - that does not comprise a different value for each record - that
Your friend owns and operates a wholesale shoe business with annual revenues of $5 million dollars. His wholesale business specializes in supplying and supporting retailers with sh
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