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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
er diagtram for icici
When is a transaction rolled back? Any changes that the aborted transaction made to the database must be uncompleted. While the changes caused by an aborted transaction have be
If R1 and R2 are two relations or functions, then the result of R3 = R1 × R2 is the combination of tuples that are in R1 and R2. The product is associative and commutative. Degr
Availability: A site having the copy of a replicated relation fails, even then the relation may be found in another site. Therefore, the system may carry on to process at least th
Benefits and limitations
Wait-die" scheme : The idea is based on non-preventive method. It is based on a simple rule: If Ti requests a database resource that is held by T
What is Message switching Message switching transmits data units which can be arbitrarily long. Packet switching has a utmost packet size, if any message longer than that, it s
How persistent programming languages differ from traditional programming languages? Database languages vary from traditional programming languages in that they directly manipul
The Maximum no of key fields that can be used in a header is?? 50
Write short note on Events Events consist of inputs, interrupts, decisions and actions performed by any external device or users. Every event always has a sender and receiver.
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