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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
Three way to handle missing field val
Types of Data fragmentation
Explain the Cascadeless Schedule A cascadeless schedule is one in which for every pair of transactions Ti and Tj like that Tj reads a data item before written by Ti, the commit
Making Common Behaviour Abstract Let us define abstraction "Abstraction means to focus on the necessary, inherent aspects of an entity and ignoring its accidental features". O
What is foreign key? A relation schema r1 derived from an ER schema may contain among its attributes the primary key of another relation schema r2.this attribute is known as a
write short note on mobile database
What is property - properties of a database ? It is an integrated collection of logically related records. It consolidates separate files into a common pool of data records and
Hierarchical model is also known by? A hierarchical model is also known as a Tree structure.
These are interactive interfaces, graphical that hide the difficulty of the DBMS and query language behind an intuitive, simple to understand, and convenient interface. This permit
explain external view
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