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How the time stamps are implemented
Use the value of the system clock as the time stamp. That is a transaction's time stamp is equivalent to the value of the clock when the transaction enters the system.
Use a logical counter that is increased after a new timestamp has been assigned; that is the time stamp is equivalent to the value of the counter.
First Normal Form and second normal form First Normal Form (1NF) A relation is said to be in 1NF if it having no non-atomic values and each row can give a unique combinat
Explain data abstraction? Data abstraction Data abstraction is a methodology in which enables us to isolate how a compound data object is utilized from the details of how it is
With the linear commit protocol, sites are connected in a chain, and the subtransaction at the left-hand end of the chain initiates the protocol. Propose a crash recovery protocol
What is an ERD?
Your friend owns a computer store in Yuen Long, selling Desktop and Notebook PCs and other computer peripherals. Having been rather successful with his business there, he decided t
What are the Overlapping elements Overlapping elements can be found by scanning all the elements in front of deleted element in priority list for the sheet and comparing them
Discuss along with examples about several types of attributes present in the ER model? Types of Attributes are: • SIMPLE attributes are attributes which are drawn from the ato
Data Replication "If a relation R has its copies kept at two or more sites, then it is considered replicated". But why do we replicate a relation? There are several advan
Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach? In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. In
What are the failures of Controlling Events Between Objects Failure Unintentional termination of system. Several possible causes: failure of system hardware, o
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