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Explain the Primary Stain - Ziehl-Neelsen Method?
Ordinary aqueous stains like methylene blue, crystal violet, etc. are not able to stain most of the species of Mycobacteria. Carbol fuchsin, a red mixture of basic fuchsin and phenol can be used for staining these bacteria. Basic fuchsin, binds to carboxylic acid group of mycolic acid and phenol enhances penetration of basic fuchsin into lipid. Penetration is further enhanced by slow heating to steaming for 2-3 minutes. This drives the stain inside the cytoplasm. In modified Ziehl-Neelsen method, instead of heating, a wetting agent - Turgitol - can be added to the stain. This agent reduces surface tension between the cell wall of the mycobacteria and the stain. After staining, all cells become red.
M a g n etic resonance imaging (MRI): It is in use as a clinical diagnostic tool since 1980. The distribution of hydrogen nuclei (protons), present in cellular wa
In these disinfectants, iodine is incorporated along with a detergent. They are not as effective as hypochlorites against bacterial spore but also get inactivated in the pres
Seed A seed is a mature ovule enclosing an embryonic plant, stored food material (in endosperm, persistent nucellus or embryo itself) and a seed coat formed by one or two inte
What is the energy efficiency of photosynthesis? a) What area is occupied by each molecule? b) Calculate the molecular absorption cross section in units of A 2 A cr
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Define essentiality of Sulphur for growth of micro-organism? Sulphur is a part of some amino acids, some carbohydrates, biotin and thiamine. It is obtained either as elemental
The component is DNA. The stock concentration is 10mg/ml and the final concentration/amount is 25ug. What is the volume for 1 reaction? For 5 reactions?
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Describe in brief about the Boron - Micronutrients Boron is required in extremely small amounts in the range of 0.01 to 1.0 ppm. The actual amount may vary from crop to crop
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