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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can kept 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in
Quality of Service: This is assessed on the basis of customer's satisfaction.
Purpose of storage: Several different forms of storage, based on different natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium persists, and a
any ideas about senior project topic
What are the differences between user level threads and kernel supported threads? A thread, sometimes termed a lightweight process (LWP), is a fundamental unit of CPU utilizati
What is basic Analog Design? Analog design is rather challenging than digital design as analog circuits are sensitive to noise, operating voltages, loading circumstances and ot
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Let's provide you a fundamental illustration by which you may be able to define the concept of instruction format. Let us consider the instruction format of a MIPS computer. MI
Customer arrivals at a gas station can be characterized by exponential distribution with mean of 10 minutes. The amount of time they take to pump gas can be characterized by an ex
Q. Explain SR Latch using NOR gates? Let's inspect the latch more closely. i. Suppose initially 1 is applied to S leaving R to 0 at this instance. The instant S=1 output o
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