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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Explain the Sum of Product Form? In The Boolean Algebra a product is produced by "ANDing" two or more variable inputs. Product of the two variables is expressed as AB and three
What is NULL POINTER Inside main, a FILE * called file. Afterwards, the fopen function, passing it the path to data file, as well as "r", only intending to read from the file.
The first part of the address in electronic mailbox identifies? The first part of address in E-Mail identifies the user's mail box.
How is it possible to make a module 2 n counter using N-flipflops? Name the two types of such counters. Ans: Module 2 n counter counts total 2 n distinguishable states w
What are bags and sequences? A bag is a collection of elements with duplicates permitted. A sequence is an ordered collection of elements with duplicates permitted.
What is socket inheritance? Explain. Socket Inheritance: In a socket inheritance a reference count mechanism is utilized. Whenever a socket is first created, the system set
INSERT OPERATION The insert operation inserts a new value into a set of bits. This is done by first masking bits and then O ring them with required value. For illustration, sup
Search mechanisms in Prolog We can utilize this simple Prolog program to describe how Prolog searches: president(X) :- first_name(X, georgedubya), second_name(X, bush). p
Subtraction of 01100-00011 using 2's complement method Ans. Firstly 1's complement of 00011 is 11100 and 2's complement is 11100 + 1 = 11101. Thus If a last carry is
Q. Write short note on Interfacing Keyboard, giving block diagram. Why do we need to introduce circuitry called Keyboard Status Word Generator?
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