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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
This boils down to the concept of Binary digits. Take an array size of 64 for example. We begin from 0 and end at 63. We need 6 bits.But, if we were to begin from 1 and end at 64,
Question: (a) Prepare short notes on the model primitives in Director MX 2004. (b) Therefore using the box primitive write codes to prepare a new model resource of length 50
What is the difference between wire and reg Wire Wire is used for designing combinational logic, as we all know that this type of logic cannot store a value. As you can
Define Rules for Reducing Karnaugh Maps? The rules for reducing Karnaugh Maps (k- maps) are as follows: All of the 1's in the Karnaugh Map are called as minterms. The
You are given a collection of words, say as in a dictionary. You can represent it in the following compressed form: the first word will be followed by a sequence of a pair of numbe
Minimise the logic function F (A, B, C, D) = Π M (1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11,14) ⋅ d (7, 15) Use Karnaugh map. Ans. Given function F=∏M(1,2,3,8,9,10,11,14).d(7, 15) F'=B'D+B'C+AC+AB'
what is cardinality ratio?
The main features of TCP are: Reliability: TCP makes sure that any data sent by a sender arrives at destination as it was sent. There can't be any data loss or change in the
duality
What are the two approaches used for generating the control signals in proper sequence? Hardwired control Micro programmed control
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