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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Differences between inter statement and intra statement delay? //define register variables reg a, b, c; //intra assignment delays initial begin a = 0; c = 0;
A design for the seven segment decoder is required. The decoder has four inputs which represent a number from 0 to 9 in binary and seven outputs which are connected to the seven
(a) Why did SAP introduce the extended star schema? Explain why it is reported to be better than the traditional schema model? (b) What is the difference between a dimension use
The major programs here are Arthur Samuel's, the rote learning method which is a lot like a memory based method, generalization learning which is a lot like backprop and a signatur
what is physical data structure in internals of rdbms?
what are the featrures of doubly link list.??????/
explain depth buffer algorithm and its application?
What is the main function of an assembly It contains code that the common language runtime implements. Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code in a portable executable (PE
Three dissimilar types of convergences are: 1. The convergence of e-commerce and wireless technology 2. The Convergence of E-Commerce and IP Business-Grade Messaging 3
What is a Priority Interrupt? A priority interrupt is an interrupt that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which condition is to be serviced first whe
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