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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
Q. Addressing Relationship for Main Memory and Cache? In the normal case there are 2k words in cache memory and 2n words in main memory. The n-bits memory address is splitted i
Bitwise-Inclusive-OR Operator: inclusive-OR-expression : exclusive-OR-expression inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression The bitwise-inclusive-OR operator
how ant solve TSP
If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes function in
What are the two methods to resolve collision during hashing. The two methods to resolve collision during hashing are: a) Open addressing and b) Chaining.
States the term IP addresses? IP address considers to the name of a computer onto a network, as the Internet. a. An Identifier for a device or computer onto a TCP/IP network
Q.What is Replacement Policy in cache? When a new block has to be fetched in cache the other block may have to be replaced to make room for new block. Replacement policy determ
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The digital circuits that we use now-a-days are constructed with NOR or NAND gates in place of AND-OR-NOT gates. NOR & NAND gates are known as Universal Gates as we can realize any
I think yes...so if 8259 gives interrupt then it will be serviced instantly but since into pin is left hanging the insr bit will never be set...and so whenever any interrupt occurs
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