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Explain FDM and show how CCITT standards help in building the base band?
Frequency Division Multiplexing: This is the process of combining some information channels through shifting their signals to various frequency groups in the spectrum therefore they can be transmitted simultaneously over common transmission service.
The bandwidth of a telephone speech signal is quite less than 4 kHz. Where, the available bandwidth on unloaded cables pair is fine above 100 kHz. Therefore this is possible, by using modulation techniques, for divide up the cable bandwidth then a number of telephone speech paths can be carried at the same time along a single cable pair. The normal arrangement contains 24 telephone channels per cable pair, the modulation in 24 channels being carried out within the two stages. In the primary stage, 12 channels are multiplexed together to form that is commonly termed as a basic group. This basic group arrangement is demonstrated in figure. Each of the 12 telephone signals are single side-band amplitude modulated on to carriers spaced at 4 kHz intervals 64 kHz to 108 kHz. The lower side-band (LSB) is utilized in every case. The 12 base-band signals are thus translated in the frequency band from 60 kHz 108 kHz as demonstrated. The block diagram for the channel translating equipment is specified in figure. To form a 24-channel system, to basic groups are occupied together. One basic group (B) is transmitted directly as this stands. Another basic group (A) is amplitude modulated on to a carrier are 120 kHz and the lower side-band is occupied such as to take the frequency range from 12 kHz to 60 kHz as demonstrated in figure. by using two stages of modulation for basic group A, this is possible to decrease the physical size of the component needed for the LSB filters of the figure, because the lowest cut- off frequency needed is at 64 kHz quite than 12 kHz when the whole block of 24 channels were assembled together in one stage of modulation.
FIG - Basic Group Arrangement
FIG - Channel Translating Equipment
What are the main characteristics of Horizontal Organizational Structure? Horizontal Organization’s main characteristics are given below: The work is structured all aroun
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There are various approaches to the classification of Computer Networks. One such classification is based on distance approach. Networks can be classified into LAN, WAN and MAN net
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Explain the main part of configuration of a step by step switching system with the help of a neat diagram . Configuration of a step by step switching system: A step
Factory methods that will be used to make objects just like in a static way.
A dialog box such as a File menu that have one command until it is clicked when a number of dissimilar commands "drop-down."
Advantages of MPI: Every process has its own local variables It can be used on a broader range of problems than OpenMP It runs on either distributed or shared memor
What is write-back or copy-back protocol? For a write operation using this protocol during write-hit: the method is to update only the cache and to mark it as updated with an a
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