Explain Diagnosis of Root Perforation

1- Exploration:

• Continuous bleeding if the defect touched during cleaning and shaping lead to difficult vision.
• Difficult to dry the canal.
• Placement of paper point may increase or renew the bleeding .

2- Dental operating microscope:

• Magnification
• Illumination.

3- Radiographs: Malpositioned file out of the root canal extended to the surrounding periodontium

4- Paper points: can be use to locate the site of perforation Area of hemorrhage mapped on point indicates area where strip or perforation.

5- Electronic apex locators:

• The gradual increase in the electrical resistance obtained while negotiating an intact root canal system.
• Sudden increase in the electrical resistance that is indicative of perforation.