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Q. Explain about Zener Diodes?
Most diodes are not intended to be operated in the reverse breakdown region. Diodes designed expressly to operate in the breakdown region are called zener diodes. A nearly constant voltage in the breakdown region is obtained for a large range of reverse current through the control of semiconductor processes. The principal operating region for a zener diode is the negative of that for a regular diode in terms of both voltage and current. Zener diodes are employed in circuits for establishing reference voltages and for maintaining a constant voltage for a load in regulator circuits. Figure shows the device symbol along with the linearized i-v curve and the circuit model.
As seen from the i-v characteristic, a zener diode approximates an ideal diode in the forward region. However, when the reverse bias exceeds the zener voltage VZ, the diode starts to conduct in the reverse direction and acts like a small reverse resistance RZ in series with a battery VZ. Zener diodes are available with values of VZ in the range of 2 to 200 V. The circuit model of Figure (c) incorporates two ideal diodes, Df and Dr, to reflect the forward and reverse characteristics of the zener diode. The i-v curve thus has two breakpoints, one for each ideal diode, and three straight-line segments.
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